HAYDN’S TWO GREAT ORATORIOS, The Creation and The Seasons (Die Schöpfung and Die Jahreszeiten) stand as monuments—on either side of the year 1800—to the Enlightenment and to the Austrian Enlightenment in particular. This is not to claim that they have no connection with what would often be considered more “progressive”— broadly speaking, romantic—tendencies. However, like Haydn himself, they ar...

The conceptual relationship between restorative justice and punishment has already attracted a great deal of attention in the literature. A similarly rich body of work has considered the two main aims of punishment, retributivism and reductivism, in relation to criminological theories. It is surprising, therefore, that relatively little (direct) attention has been paid to the relation between r...

The nineteenth century in Rio de Janeiro exemplifies the battle between Baroque language that survives through great artistic commissions began period, and progressive arrival of classical taste brought by French Missão Artistica 1816 invited Joao VI, King Portugal, which will, later, lead to founding Imperial Academy Belas Artes. But this confrontation aesthetic models does not follow a chrono...

Shapes are the fundamental attribute of visible objects; they give us the perception of structure. They also represent the alphabet of art [Arnheim, 1974]. Shapes represent the object of visible beauty. It is well known that the mathematics of shape and space is geometry. Which is the relationship between dynamical systems and shapes? Could the mathematics of nonlinear dynamics help us to estab...

aughty, sharp-tongued, self-assured, unbearably self-sufficient, stingy, and violent beyond measure , " is how Georges de La Tour was described by his contemporaries. Municipal records confirm that he refused to pay his share to feed the hungry during times of famine. He assaulted an officer, beat a peasant, and made himself obnoxious to everyone by " sending his dogs after hare into the standi...

2116 USTAVE COURBET (1819-77) BELONGED TO THE G Post-Romantic generation of French artists and writers that included Honore Daumier, J.-F. Millet, Gustave Flau bert, and Charles Baudelaire. They were born at the close of an heroic age. In their youth, they witnessed the breakdown of a common language of Classicism, the dissipation of revolutionary idealism, and the growing division between arti...