CD8+ lymphocytes are adaptive immunity cells with the particular function to directly kill target cell following antigen recognition in context of MHC class I. In addition, T may release pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), a plethora other cytokines chemoattractants modulating immune inflammatory responses. A role for has been suggested ...

Mogamulizumab is a defucosylated humanized anti-CC chemokine receptor type 4 (CCR4) antibody that exerts an anti-tumor immune effect against various tumors through a suppressive effect on regulatory T-cells. We herein report a patient with peripheral T-cell lymphoma who developed Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the central nervous system (CNS DLBCL) aft...

Gliomas localized within the CNS are generally not rejected by the immune system despite being immunogenic. This failure of the immune system has been associated both with glioma-derived immunosuppressive molecules and the immune-privileged state of the CNS. However, the relative contribution of tumor location to the glioma-mediated immunosuppression, as well as the immune mechanisms involved i...

Abstract Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangement (ALK+) is known to have a high propensity form brain metastases (BrM), over 50% of ALK+ patients developing BrM despite effective ALK tyrosine inhibitor (TKI) therapy central nervous system (CNS) activity. Pharmacokinetic (PK) data from other CNS-active TKIs suggested that there may be differences in drug ...

Silent adrenocorticotrophic pituitary adenomas are nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas that express adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) but do not cause the clinical or laboratory features of hypercortisolemia. Primary central nervous system (CNS) melanoma is well documented, but rarely originates in the sellar region or pituitary gland. Here we report transformation of an aggressive silent adren...

Chloroethylnitrosoureas (CENUs) are commonly used in the treatment of pediatric and adult central nervous system (CNS) tumors. The antitumor activity of CENUs has been hypothesized to be due to an alkylation occurring at the 06-position of guanine in DNA. The DNA repair protein 06-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) is responsible for the repair of these potentially cytotoxic lesions and...

Cerebellar liponeurocytomas were recognized in the 2000 WHO 3rd edition of CNS tumors as a distinct grade I pathological entity, a tumor with a more favorable prognosis than medulloblastoma. But reports of long-term recurrences and some possible aggressive behavior led to an upgrade on the latest WHO 4th edition of CNS tumors. The case of a 64-year-old female patient is reported in this paper. ...

Brain-specific homing and direct interactions with the neural substance are prominent hypotheses for brain metastasis formation and a modern manifestation of Paget's "seed and soil" concept. However, there is little direct evidence for this "neurotropic" growth in vivo. In contrast, many experimental studies have anecdotally noted the propensity of metastatic cells to grow along the exterior of...

Neurons in the embryonic and peripheral nervous system respond to injury by activating transcriptional programs supportive of axon growth, ultimately resulting in functional recovery. In contrast, neurons in the adult central nervous system (CNS) possess a limited capacity to regenerate axons after injury, fundamentally constraining repair. Activating pro-regenerative gene expression in CNS neu...

The study objective was to investigate patterns of reported non-malignant brain and CNS tumor incidence over a time period encompassing 1997-2008 during which time the Benign Brain Tumor Cancer Registries Amendment Act (PL 107-260) was passed and implemented. Analyses of 75,350 incident non-malignant brain and CNS tumors from eleven population-based central registries revealed that there were s...