Protein translation is the most expensive operation in dividing cells from bacteria to humans. Therefore, managing the speed and allocation of resources is subject to tight control. From bacteria to humans, clusters of relatively rare tRNA codons at the N'-terminal of mRNAs have been implicated in attenuating the process of ribosome allocation, and consequently the translation rate in a broad r...

Herein two genetic codes from which the primeval RNA code could have originated the standard genetic code (SGC) are derived. One of them, called extended RNA code type I, consists of all codons of the type RNY (purine-any base-pyrimidine) plus codons obtained by considering the RNA code but in the second (NYR type) and third (YRN type) reading frames. The extended RNA code type II, comprises al...

Most organisms use different mechanisms of translation termination for the three types of stop codons, i.e. UAA, UAG, and UGA [1]. Using the GenBank database, we have conducted comprehensive computer analyses of translation termination sites in order to find the difference of consensus sequence patterns around each type of stop codons. We also systematically analyzed the preference of stop codo...

An alternative to suppression of stop codons for the biosynthetic insertion of non-natural amino acids has been developed. Micrococcus luteus , a Gram-positive bacterium, is incapable of translating at least two codons. One of these unused codons was inserted in a gene to act as a nonsense site. An aminoacylated tRNA was synthesized which was complementary to this codon. The gene containing the...

Most deviations from the universal genetic code exist in the mitochondrial translation system. In human mitochondria, two arginine codons, AGA and AGG, have no cognate tRNAs; mtDNA-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (MTCO1) and NADH dehydrogenase 6 (MTND6) carry AGA and AGG codons at the end of their mRNAs, respectively. We previously demonstrated in vitro the possible engagement of ICT1 in...

Cellular efficiency in protein translation is an important fitness determinant in rapidly growing organisms. It is widely believed that synonymous codons are translated with unequal speeds and that translational efficiency is maximized by the exclusive use of rapidly translated codons. Here we estimate the in vivo translational speeds of all sense codons from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cer...

Synonymous codon usage of protein coding genes of thirty two completely sequenced mycobacteriophage genomes was studied using multivariate statistical analysis. One of the major factors influencing codon usage is identified to be compositional bias. Codons ending with either C or G are preferred in highly expressed genes among which C ending codons are highly preferred over G ending codons. A s...

Since the 1950s, reverse translation has been an enigmatic part of Crick’s central dogma molecular biology. It might be described as possibility to back-translate information from proteins nucleic acids (or codons). A few studies have attempted theorize and/or conduct in vitro experiments test likelihood translation, with ideas often involving creation peptide recognition sites that bridge and ...

The coarse-legged tick Hyalomma rufipes (Koch, 1844), a two-host and an important vector for multiple pathogens, can cause severe damage to humans domestic animals. Here, we provide the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of H. from China obtained by next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods. 14,761 bp long mitogenome had high A + T content (79.7%) contained typical set 37 genes, with 13 ...

The pinion-streaked snout Schrankia costaestrigalis is a new potato pest that has recently been recorded in China. In this study, we analyzed the complete mitochondrial genome of S. costaestrigalis. results revealed mitogenome (GenBank: OQ181231) to occur as circular DNA molecule 16,376 bp with 51.001% AT content, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, 2 ribosom...