BACKGROUND Soccer is a contact sport in which the players are frequently faced with the risk of injury. It has been shown that the force exerted on the head during heading can be as much as 500-1200 Newton (N). OBJECTIVES The main objective of this study was to determine whether there was any relationship between the force exerted on the head and several biomechanical and anthropometrical par...

Rice is a short-day plant. Short-day length promotes heading, and long-day length suppresses heading. Many studies have evaluated rice heading in field conditions in which some individuals in the population were exposed to various day lengths, including short and long days, prior to a growth phase transition. In this study, we investigated heading date under natural short-day conditions (SD) an...

Precise heading estimate requires integration of visual optic flow and vestibular inertial motion originating from distinct spatial coordinates (eye- and head-centered, respectively). To explore whether the two heading signals may share a common reference frame along the hierarchy of cortical stages, we explored two multisensory areas in macaques: the smooth pursuit area of the frontal eye fiel...

Electronic compass is often used to provide the absolute heading reference for tracking the user’s head and hands in Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR), especially for outdoor AR applications. However, compass is vulnerable to environment magnetism disturbance. Existing compass calibration methods require complex steps and true heading reference which is often impossible to be obta...

Observers viewed random-dot optical flow displays that simulated self-motion on a circular path and judged whether they would pass to the right or left of a target at 16 m. Two dots in two frames are theoretically sufficient to specify circular heading if the orientation of the rotation axis is known. Heading accuracies were better than 1.5 degrees with a ground surface, wall surface, and 3D cl...

Photoperiod response-related genes play a crucial role in duration of the plant growth. In this study, we focused on TaPRR73, a paralog of "Green Revolution" gene Ppd1 (TaPRR37). We found that overexpression of the truncated TaPRR73 form lacking part of the N-terminal PR domain in transgenic rice promoted heading under long day conditions. Association analysis in common wheat verified that TaPR...

Three experiments investigated whether the systematic errors previously observed in a triangle-completion task were caused by failures to form and update a cognitive heading or by use of perceived heading (even though an updated cognitive heading was available) during the response. These errors were replicated when participants indicated the origin of triangular paths they had imagined walking ...

Self-motion generates patterns of optic flow on the retina. Neurons in the dorsal part of the medial superior temporal area (MSTd) are selective for these optic flow patterns. It has been shown that neurons in this area that are selective for expanding optic flow fields are involved in heading judgments. We wondered how subpopulations of MSTd neurons, those tuned for expansion, rotation or spir...

UNLABELLED Multisensory convergence of visual and vestibular signals has been observed within a network of cortical areas involved in representing heading. Vestibular-dominant heading tuning has been found in the macaque parietoinsular vestibular cortex (PIVC) and the adjacent visual posterior sylvian (VPS) area, whereas relatively balanced visual/vestibular tuning was encountered in the ventra...

A non-linear model-aided PD approach for implementing heading control algorithms in the 6000 m depth rated Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROSUB 6000) has been developed by National Institute of Ocean Technology, India is presented in this paper. ROSUB 6000 is developed for carrying out gas hydrate surveys, poly-metallic nodule exploration, deep water interventions, bathymetric surveys and salvage o...