For transferring data to increase performance and implementation simplicity different analogue and digital techniques are used in fiber optic communication channel. Different digital modulation formats maximizes spectral efficiency and also improves tolerance to transmission impairments. This paper reviews a comparative analysis for the different digital modulation formats within 100Gb/s and be...

We provide evidence of “soft” information production in investment banking. Using 2191 municipal bond offerings from 1997-2001, we find that “local” investment banks have substantial comparative and absolute advantages over non-local counterparts – locals charge lower fees and sell bonds at lower yields. Local investment banks’ strongest comparative advantage is at underwriting bonds with highe...

The emerging field of Evolutionary Computation (EC), inspired by neo-Darwinian principles (e.g., natural selection, mutation, etc.), offers developmental psychologists a wide array of mathematical tools for simulating ontogenetic processes. In this brief review, I begin by highlighting three of the approaches that EC researchers employ (Artificial Life, evolutionary robotics, and comparative st...

We develop an empirical approach for identifying comparative advantages in bank lending. Using matched credit-export data from Peru, we first uncover patterns of bank specialization by export market: every country has a subset of banks with an abnormally large loan portfolio exposure to its exports. Using outliers to measure specialization, we use a revealed preference approach to show that ban...

Comparative analysis of two ideologically distinct approaches in the theory of fuzzy di"erential equations is given. Domains of applications, advantages and shortcomings of those approaches are described. New de2nitions of solutions to fuzzy di"erential equations are proposed. c © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

The article presents an overview of current specialized ontology engineering tools, as well as texts’ annotation tools based on ontologies. The main functions and features of these tools, their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. A systematic comparative analysis of means for engineering ontologies is presented. ACM Classification

The multilevel inverter topology gives the advantages of usage in high power and high voltage application with reduced harmonic distortion without a transformer. This paper presents a comparative study of nine level diode clamped inverter for constant Switching frequency of sinusoidal Pulse width Modulation and sinusoidal Natural Pulse width Modulation with switching frequency Optimal Modulation.