brought to visible tumors. Mottram (10) observed tumor production in mouse skin after exposing it to a single treatment with a carcinogenic hydrocarbon, followed by re peated applications of croton oil. Later, Berenblum and Shubik (3) adapted this method to a quantitative approach to the study of chemical carcinogenesis. According to this method, the actual number of tumors produced were said t...

Because of small surface area to volume ratios nanoscale devices can exhibit dominant surface forces that can quickly degrade unlubricated contacting surfaces. While fluorinated materials have been widely used as lubricants, because of their low critical surface tension and high thermal and mechanical stability, fluorinated monolayer coatings, which are suitable for lubricating nanoscale device...

The total hydrocarbon content removal in nutrient amendment and natural attenuation at day 56 showed percentage removal of 89 and 74, respectively. Total heterotrophic and total hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial count increased progressively in all the treatment options. The nutrient amendment showed greater removal of the hydrocarbon pollutants. The physicochemical analyses at day 56 were within...

This paper will concentrate on presenting a legal analysis of two of the main challenges to open source software: SCO’s litigation and software patents. The paper discusses the validity of such challenges, their possible impact to the future of open source software, and the possible legal defences used against them. DOI: 10.2966/scrip.020205.256 © Andres Guadamuz 2005. This work is licensed und...

This is a collaborative submission from a group of academics based in the UK with expertise in information technology law and related areas. The preparation of this response has been funded by the Information Technology Think Tank, which is supported by the Arts and Humanities Research Council and led by the SCRIPT/AHRC Centre for Research in Intellectual Property and Technology, University of ...

Roberto Gerhard was a pioneer of electronic music in England creating over twenty substantial concert, theatre and radio works from as early as 1954. However, for various political, cultural and personal reasons Gerhard’s electronic music has not been published or widely disseminated. Gerhard’s electronic music is one of the richest repositories for understanding the development of the composer...

a crude biosurfactant mixture was produced in a 1.4 l tubular reactor by a mixed culture; afterthe thermal treatment of the whole culture an increase in emulsification activity and surface tension wasobserved, with a main effect on the first one. the emulsification index of the mixture obtained was of 60.4 %. the crude mixed biosurfactant was used to enhance hydrocarbon biodegradation of intemp...

We present molecular dynamics friction calculations for confined hydrocarbon "polymer" solids with molecular lengths from 20 to 1400 carbon atoms. Two cases are considered: (a) polymer sliding against a hard substrate and (b) polymer sliding on polymer. We discuss the velocity dependence of the frictional shear stress for both cases. In our simulations, the polymer films are very thin (approxim...

The methanogenic biodegradation of crude oil involves the conversion of hydrocarbons to methanogenic substrates by syntrophic bacteria and subsequent methane production by methanogens. Assessing the metabolic roles played by various microbial species in syntrophic communities remains a challenge, but such information has important implications for bioremediation and microbial enhanced energy re...