Abstract. Vegetation conditions can be monitored on a global scale using remote sensing observations in various wavelength domains. In the microwave domain, data from spaceborne missions are available late 1970s onwards. From these observations, vegetation optical depth (VOD) estimated, which is an indicator of total canopy water content and hence above-ground biomass its moisture state. Observ...

The pavement Condition Index (PCI) method serves to measure the severity of damage based on 3 main categories: (1) type damage, (2) and (3) amount or density damage. PCI is a numerical index whose values range from 0 100. A value indicates was in very damaged condition, while 100 that still excellent. survey conducted Jalan Tregguli - Welahan along � 1 km divided into several segments identify ...

Droughts caused by meteorological factors such as a long-term lack of precipitation can propagate into several types drought through the hydrological cycle. Among them, phenomenon in which has significant impact on ecosystem be defined an ecological drought. In this study, Ecological Drought Condition Index-Vegetation (EDCI-veg) was newly proposed to quantitatively evaluate and monitor effects ...

In this paper, we prove a Morse index theorem for the index form of regular Lagrangian system with selfadjoint boundary condition.