BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) and multiple sclerosis (MS) contribute considerably to the burden of autoimmune diseases in young adults. Although HLA patterns of T1D and MS are considered mutually exclusive, individual and familial co-occurrence of the 2 diseases has been reported. OBJECTIVE To assess the co-occurrence of T1D and MS by estimating the risk for MS in patients with T1...

previously inaccessible ocean as its territory. But Britain’s moves in the Antarctic are sure to anger many neighbouring countries in the region. The UK’s Antarctic submission reflects efforts to secure resources for the future as oil and gas reserves dwindle over the coming years. The substantial gas and oil reserves in the North Sea, on which the country has depended for more than 30 years, a...

Recently, a large unregulated ”shadow banking”, based on counterparty relations, flourished and then suddenly collapsed. In the absence of regulation, its existence hinges on confidence about counterparties’ good behavior, and such confidence hinges on counterparties’ reputation concerns. Even when reputation allows for a cheaper alternative to traditional banking – by saving on regulatory cost...

A high-confidence system is one in which the designers, implementers, and users have a high degree of assurance that the system will not fail or misbehave due to errors in the system, faults in the environment, or hostile attempts to compromise the system. Consequences of such systems’ behavior are well understood and are predictable under an operational context envisioned by its creators. High...