Therapy and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease To the Editor: In their interesting study, Koh et al demonstrated that lower dosage of oral conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) eliminated the adverse effects of conventional dosage of CEE on markers of vascular inflammation and coagulation, in addition to preserving the favorable effects of estrogen on endothelial function.1 Similar to their report, ...

OBJECTIVES This study sought to determine the effects of estrogen treatment on atherosclerosis progression and the proliferative and structural responses of the atherosclerotic arteries to injury. BACKGROUND Estrogen treatment suppresses the intimal response to arterial injury in nonatherosclerotic rodents and rabbits and inhibits the in vitro proliferation of smooth muscle cells. However, th...

BACKGROUND Estrogen improves endothelial function in the coronary conduit vessels of animals; however, its effects on the coronary microcirculation have not been studied completely in humans. METHODS AND RESULTS We measured myocardial blood flow (MBF) with a PET scan at rest, during cold pressor testing (CPT), and during dipyridamole hyperemia in 54 postmenopausal women without coronary arter...

BACKGROUND At the time of feasibility work and final design of the trial there was no randomised control trial evidence for the long-term risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy. Observational studies had suggested that long term use of estrogen was likely to be associated, amongst other things, with reduced risks of osteoporosis and ischaemic heart disease and increased risks of brea...

BACKGROUND Adolescent females with ovarian failure require estrogen therapy for induction of puberty and other important physiologic effects. Currently, health care providers have varying practices without evidence-based standards, thus investigating potential differences between oral and transdermal preparations is essential. The purpose of this study was to compare the differential effects of...

BACKGROUND Menopause is associated with various complications such as depression, sleep disorders, and genitourinary atrophy. Vaginal atrophy occurs due to the loss of steroid hormones, and its major symptoms include vaginal dryness, itching, dyspareunia, and bleeding after intercourse. According to the literature, vitamin E plays a key role in estrogen stability. The aim of this study was to c...

PURPOSE The purpose of this research was to assess associations of thrombophilia with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO), and amaurosis fugax (AF); to evaluate outcomes of normalizing high homocysteine; and to study CRVO, CRAO, and AF developing in estrogens/estrogen agonists in women subsequently shown to have thrombophilia. METHODS Measures of thr...

Estrogen metabolism may play an important role in mammary carcinogenesis in postmenopausal women. We evaluated the effects of prior oral contraceptive (OC) treatment and current soy isoflavone consumption on endogenous estrogen metabolite concentration and biomarkers of tissue estrogen exposure in a monkey model. One hundred eighty-one female cynomolgus macaques were randomized to receive OC or...

This study examined the effect of number of conceptuses on maternal concentrations and profiles of estrogen sulfate, estrone, estradiol-17 beta, progesterone and prolactin in gilts. Estradiol-valerate injections were used to induce pseudopregnancy (O conceptuses; n = 5) and oviduct ligation or no treatment were utilized to obtain pregnant gilts with 4 to 7 (n = 4), or 8 to 11 (n = 4) conceptuse...

Anti-osteoporotic effects of two types of porcine placenta hydrolysates (PPH) were evaluated in ovariectomized (OVX) rats orally administered PPH without (WPPH) or with (NPPH) ovarian hormones (1 g/kg bw/day). PPH groups were compared with OVX rats with estrogen replacement (0.1 mg/kg bw conjugated estrogen; EST), or dextrose (placebo; OVX-control) All rats received high-fat/calcium-deficient d...