The current system of human-subject-research oversight and protections has developed over the last 5 decades. The principles of conducting human research were first developed as the Nuremberg code to try Nazi war criminals. The 3 basic elements of the Nuremberg Code (voluntary informed consent, favorable risk/benefit analysis, and right to withdraw without repercussions) became the foundation f...

Religion and medicine have a long, intertwined, tumultuous history, going back thousands of years. Only within the past 200-300 years (less than 5 percent of recorded history) have these twin healing traditions been clearly separate. This series on religion and medicine begins with a historical review, proceeding from prehistoric times through ancient Egypt, Greece, and early Christianity throu...

In order to know the learning beliefs and behaviours of Chinese students, it is perhaps useful to look from a longer perspective; namely, from the historical development of education in China from the imperial days, to early republican years because men are following the customs of the cultural environment rather than creating the new rules out of nothing. To a certain extent, the change of Chi...

Clinical research trials (both academic and industry sponsored) are increasingly playing a role in various medical disciplines, including younger fields of clinical trial interest, such as nuclear medicine research. Knowledge for and compliance with good clinical practice (GCP) is essential for anyone involved. In this review article, key aspects of GCP and the responsibilities of investigators...

Earlier studies were focused on only a few of the 23 amino acids of the human body. Advanced laboratory techniques, such as high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), have been developed to assess all amino acids in blood and CSF simultaneously. Multivariate statistical analyze strategies have been used to reveal possible relationships between amino acidand monoamine metabolites levels and kin...

The Platt Report (1961) was the first in a series of documents that highlighted a workforce need for National Health Service (NHS) doctors with consultant-level competencies, but who were not consultants. Following discussion on the creation of ‘medical assistant’ posts, the first ‘career grade’ posts were introduced in 1964, with the term ‘associate specialist’ being introduced at the beginnin...

The concept of articulation was first introduced by Katz [1935 The World of Colour (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co)] to refer to the degree of complexity within a field. Katz, who created the basic research methods for studying lightness constancy, found that the greater the degree of articulation within a field of illumination, the greater the degree of constancy. Even though this co...

Further Reading Geankoplis CJ (1993) Transport Processes and Unit Operations. New Jersey: PTR Prentice Hall. King CJ (1980) Separation Processes. New York:McGrawHill. Kister HZ (1992) Distillation Design. New York: McGraw-Hill. Seader JD and Henley EJ (1998) Separation Process Principles. New York: John Wiley. Stichlmair JG and Fair JR (1998)Distillation Principles and Practice. New York: Wiley...

Willian Harvey's Biological Ideas. Selected Aspects and Historical Background, by WALTm PAGEL, Basel and New York, S. Karger, 1967, pp. 394, illus., S.Fr./DM. 96, £8 8s. Od. As twentieth-century thought plunges into the future enclosed in its scientific capsule it becomes ever more difficult to evaluate the efforts of those who worked centuries ago in the dawn of the modern era. Without the lab...