In this paper a mathematical simulation of a simplified internal combustion engine is presented. To contribute engine kinematics and its geometry, simple relations are derived for constrained motions. The equation of motion for the piston forms a singular boundary value problem. The uniqueness of the solution was studied in the Banach space. For solving governing equations an iterative numerica...

In this article, the mutual solubility of tocopherols from crude palm oil was studied using carbon dioxide as a solvent at the temperatures of 80, 100 and 120 °C. Each sample from the phase equilibrium unit contained two parts. The liquid part was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) in order to measure the tocopherol composition and, on the other hand, the vapor phase was conducted in an expans...

The mechanism for the relaxation of the cosmological constant is studied and elaborated. In the model used for the analysis of the relaxation mechanism the universe contains two components: a cosmological constant of an arbitrary size and sign and a component with an inhomogeneous equation of state. Owing to the dynamics of the second component the universe asymptotically tends to a de Sitter p...

Recently, it has been discovered that the expansion of the Universe is accelerating. This requires the existence of a dark energy component in the Universe with an equation of state p = wρ, w < 0. One example of such a component is a cosmological constant. However, it is difficult to understand in the present framework of particle physics why it is so small. A fine tuning of 10 is required if t...

Assuming a Friedmann universe which evolves with a power-law scale factor, a = tn, we analyse the phase space of the system of equations that describes a time-varying fine structure ’constant’, α, in the Bekenstein-Sandvik-Barrow-Magueijo generalisation of general relativity. We have classified all the possible behaviours of α(t) in ever-expanding universes with different n and find new exact s...

Molecular dynamics simulations of bulk copper, gold pure metals and their ordered intermetallics alloys of Cu3Au(L12) and CuAu3(L12) have been carried out between above 0 K and below the their melting points of the materials for predicting their temperature-dependent thermophysical properties. The effects of temperature and concentration on the physical properties such as enthalpy, volume, heat...

We introduce a 16-dimensional constant-amplitude constellation that is generated by concatenating either four constant envelope quadrature-quadrature phase shift keying (CEQPSK) symbols from Saha and Birdsall or four CEQPSK symbols recently discovered by Cartwright and also introduced here. Our new constellation doubles the number of points available for data transmission without decreasing the...