In 1948, Feynman showed Dyson how the Lorentz force law and homogeneous Maxwell equations could be derived from commutation relations among Euclidean coordinates and velocities, without reference to an action or variational principle. When Dyson published the work in 1990, several authors noted that the derived equations have only Galilean symmetry and so are not actually the Maxwell theory. In...

Several approaches to probabilistic design have been proposed in the past. Only few acknowledged the paradigm shift from performance based design to design for cost. The incorporation of economics in the design process, however, makes a probabilistic approach to design necessary, due to the inherent uncertainty of assumptions and the circumstances of operating environments of the future aircraf...

In the study of constrained multiple robot control, the relative motion between the constraint object and the end eVectors of manipulators are usually neglected in the literature. However, in many industrial applications, such as assembly and machining, the constraint object is required to move with respect to not only the world coordinates but also the end eVectors of the robotic arms. In this...

We present in this paper an iterative algorithm to solve constraint forces for haptic interactive simulation. The haptic forces are induced by interaction with guidance virtual fixtures having forbidden regions. In general, a haptic rendering based on an explicit formulation of the constraint forces (with virtual springs) can lead to severe numerical stability problems in case of hard constrain...

For achieving accurate and safe measurements of the force and power exerted on a load during resistance exercise, the Smith machine has been used instead of free weights. However, because some Smith machines possess counterweights, the equation for the calculation of force and power in this system should be different from the one used for free weights. The purpose of this investigation was to c...

image analysis, the introduction of the notion of scale in motion analysis is far from trivial. In optic flow based In optic flow based velocity estimation the image brightness constraint equation is used. However, for measurements pervelocity estimation, correspondences between adjacent formed at a certain scale, the brightness constraint equation frames are made using the image brightness con...

A constraint logic programming system for the domain of complex functions is described. The intended users of the language are scientist and engineers who often reason/compute with constraints over complex functions, such as functional equalities, diierential equations, etc. Constraints are solved by iterating several solving methods such as Laplace transformation, non-linear equation solving, ...