From the cultural-geographical perspective, the Qom plain is part of the cultural area of ​​the Central Plateau of Iran. Archaeologically, this region had many contacts with other areas of the Central Plateau such as the plains of Kāshān, Sāveh, Qazvin, and Rey. It also had relations with the synchronous centers in the northeast, northwest, central Zāgros, and Khuzestān plain. This is due to it...

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Investigating spillovers (potential costs and benefits to a firm that extend beyond an individual transaction), I integrate transaction cost theory and the knowledge-based view of the firm in an effort to better understand the efficient governance of knowledge. Contracts with detailed task descriptions were associated with transactions with the potential to generate new and reusable knowledge. ...

Based on recent field survey data collected in three African countries, this study examines interfirm and inter-organizational collaboration in African industry. Three sets of interactions were analyzed namely: firm-firm linkages, including user-supplier and subcontracting relationships; firm-university linkages; and firm-industrial association linkages. Employing univariate and multivariate an...

conclusions in squatting position the number of spinal needle-bone contacts was lower compared to the traditional sitting position, nonetheless ease of needle insertion or space identification was the same in the both groups. results the total number of spinal needle bone contact was statistically lower in the squatting position compared to traditional sitting position group (222 versus 230 res...

Globalization, by raising the number of buyers available to each seller and the number of sellers available to each buyer, raises the thickness, or the effective number of participants, of every market. Market thickness can have subtle effects on incentives and organizations, alleviating hold-up problems, resulting in less vertical integration, more informal contracting, and more cooperative an...

We study the effects of centralised versus decentralised wage setting in a unionsed duopoly where firms can outsource parts input production to foreign subcontractors. show that (as opposed centralised) allows trade unions capture larger share rents generated by international outsourcing. Consequently, equilibrium degree outsourcing is lower under setting, which benefits if they are sufficientl...

This paper provides an empirical analysis of the choices made by Japanese firms with respect to subcontracting status, that is, whether to take in work as subcontractor, to outsource work to subcontractors, to do both or to do neither. It shows that the probability of working as a subcontractor, a choice made by a many small firms in Japan, is negatively related to size, foreign sales and techn...