Frank Harary in his article [2] was the first to speak of combinatorial diseases (actually, he spoke of graphical diseases). His original diseases were the four-colour disease, the hamiltonian disease and the reconstruction disease. Shortly thereafter, Read and Corneil [9] have discussed the graph isomorphism disease, and somewhat later, Huang, Kotzig and Rosa [4] spoke of a labelling disease. ...

Infectious diseases, and especially viral diseases, can be prevented or controlled by several means. For many years, only hygienic measures based on animal culling were the methods of choice to control highly contagious diseases, like foot-and-mouth-disease (FMD) virus which can spread very quickly and very efficiently in a naïve population (Grubman & Baxt, 2004). Due to the development of new ...

Norscia et al. [1] recently reported the first evidence for a sex bias in contagious yawning among humans. Based on previous research showing an indirect connection between contagious yawning and empathy (e.g. [2–4], but see [5,6]) and that levels of empathy appear to be higher in women compared with men (e.g. [7–9]), the authors investigated whether there is also a sex difference in the expres...

The virus, which causes orf and induces acute pustular skin lesions in sheep and goats, is transmissible to humans yet is rarely observed in North America. We present a case of a 65-year-old female farmer from Connecticut who contracted orf from her sheep. The clinical and histopathologic features, important to arrive at the correct diagnosis of this uncommon yet important infection, are descri...

The well-being of apiaries is a priority in the state's economic, social, and environmental aspects. There state monitoring system to ensure proper control over prevalence infectious, invasive, viral diseases. This systematically monitors spread diseases that cause significant economic problems. Solving these problems will further shape favorability export beekeeping products European countries...