The effect of partial shading in photovoltaic (PV) panels is one the biggest problems regarding power losses PV systems. When irradiance pattern throughout a panel inequal, some cells with possibility higher production will produce less and start to deteriorate. objective this research work present, test discuss different techniques help mitigate panels, observing commenting advantages disadvan...

This paper presents the relationship between daylighting performance and shading device design in the perimeter area of buildings. In the area of tropic and sub-tropic, designers always face with the contradiction between solar heat gain and daylighting using. Factors such as different type of shading device, material reflectance, fenestration design, opening ratio, and daylight distribution wi...

Solar shading designs are important for reduction of building energy consumption and improvement of indoor thermal environment. This paper carried out a number of building simulations for evaluation of the energy performance of different shading devices based on incremental costs. The results show that movable shading devices lower incremental costs by up to 50% compared with fixed ones for the...

• Direct heat flux sensing for window shade control is investigated the first time. Unprocessed measurements fluctuate too extensively use. Endpoint moving average and infinite impulse response filters provide cleaner signals. Requirements signal persistence over time improve shading accuracy. The resulting system allows to reduce gain extensively. Greenhouse gas emissions from space cooling ar...

Both non-Lambertian shading, specularities in particular, and occluding contours have ill-matched binocular disparities. For example, the disparities of specularities depend not only on a surface's position but also on its curvature. Shading and contour disparities do in general not specify a point on the surface. I investigated how shading and contours contribute to perceived shape in stereosc...

Nitrogen availability and illumination intensity are two key factors which affect rice growth. However, their influences on total nitrogen accumulation, photosynthetic rate, root morphologies, and yields are not fully understood. We conducted two field experiments to (1) evaluate the effects of shading under different N treatments on photosynthetic parameters, root morphologies, total nutrient ...