Animal models are used to study the physiological mechanisms underlying disease progression. In this paper, I examine the benefits of using animal models to study how personality or stable individual differences (in behavior and physiology) influence disease susceptibility and resilience. Such an expansion of animal model use, to study the relationships among personality, physiology, and health...

OBJECTIVE Numerous correlational studies have examined whether perceptions of vulnerability or worry are better predictors of health-related behavior. The aim of this experimental study was to explore some of the potential causal relationships involved: Are the effects of a brief smoking cessation intervention (for women attending for cervical smear tests) on intention to stop smoking mediated ...

BACKGROUND The quality of the therapeutic alliance (TA) has been invoked to explain the equal effectiveness of different psychotherapies, but prior research is correlational, and does not address the possibility that individuals who form good alliances may have good outcomes without therapy. METHOD We evaluated the causal effect of TA using instrumental variable (structural equation) modellin...

BACKGROUND Major life changes are among factors that cause anxiety, and one of these changes is surgery. Emotional reactions to surgery have specific effects on the intensity and velocity as well as the process of physical disease. In addition, they can cause delay in patients recovery. This study is aimed at determining the relationship between religious beliefs and preoperative anxiety. MET...

Correlational selection favors combinations of traits and is a key element of many models of phenotypic and genetic evolution. Multiple regression techniques for measuring selection allow for the direct estimation of correlational selection gradients, yet few studies in natural populations have investigated this process. Color patterns and antipredator behaviors of snakes are thought to functio...

Understanding spoken words involves a rapid mapping from speech to conceptual representations. One distributed feature-based conceptual account assumes that the statistical characteristics of concepts' features--the number of concepts they occur in (distinctiveness/sharedness) and likelihood of co-occurrence (correlational strength)--determine conceptual activation. To test these claims, we inv...

Background: Randomized controlled trials have been criticized for their inability to identify and differentiate the causal mechanisms that generate outcomes they measure. One solution is development of realist combine empirical precision trials' outcome data with realism's theoretical capacity powers outcomes. Main Body: We review arguments against this position conclude critical are viable. Us...

This study aims to examine and analyze the effect of local government financial performance as measured by independence ratio, dependency degree decentralization, PAD effectiveness BUMD contribution debt income ratio on capital expenditure allocation economic growth. As well growth mediated allocation.
 research is a correlational with causal relationship, namely regional through expenditu...