There have been several highly significant achievements in the area of alternatives for skin corrosivity testing in the last three years, most notably: (a) the validation, and subsequent endorsement, of two replacement alternative tests for skin corrosivity (the rat skin transcutaneous electrical resistance [TER] and EPISKINtrade mark human skin model assays) by the European Centre for the Vali...

Corrosive substances are defined as chemicals causing visible destruction or irreversible alterations in living tissue by chemical action at the site of contact (29 CFR 1917.28). Dermal corrosivity testing is conducted to identify chemicals that potentially pose this hazard to humans. U.S. Federal regulations and guidelines include test methods for assessing dermal corrosivity. Testing data is ...

In an effort to better understand current test practices and improve nonclinical testing of cardiovascular metallic implants, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) held a public workshop on Cardiovascular Metallic Implants: corrosion, surface characterization, and nickel leaching. The following topics were discussed: (1) methods used for corrosion assessments, surface characterization techniqu...

National and international regulations require that chemicals must be properly classified, labeled, packaged, and transported based on their ability to damage or destroy tissue, e.g., skin. Traditionally, skin corrosion assessments were based on tests involving topical application of test substances to the skin of rabbits. In the present work, an in vitro skin corrosion test based on the use of...

Much has been learned over a short period of time with respect to the corrosion assessment of small medical implant devices. Laboratory testing started with modifications of ASTM G 5 and G 61, which lead to the development of ASTM F 2129, and thence the fine-tuning of that specification to meet the intent of the FDA Guideline for non-clinical tests. The changes in electrochemical testing protoc...

The major objective in glass tank melters is to optimize the entire process by reducing the maximum temperature of melting, improving refractory performance and/or improving melter fuel efficiency. The required characteristics of refractories used in melters are: thermal shock resistance, corrosion resistance, controlled expansion behavior, low thermal conductivity, and adequate creep resistanc...

UNLABELLED The dynamic loading in human body, along with the corrosive body fluid, presents a great challenge for the practical use of biodegradable magnesium implants. In this study, a high purity magnesium (99.99wt.%) and two typical promising biodegradable magnesium alloys (binary Mg-1Ca and ternary Mg-2Zn-0.2Ca) were chosen as the experimental materials. Their dynamic mechanical performance...

The ever-growing energy demand requires the exploration and the safe, profitable exploitation of unconventional reserves. The extreme environments of some of these unique prospects challenge the boundaries of traditional engineering alloys, as well as our understanding of the underlying degradation mechanisms that could lead to a failure. Despite their complexity, high-pressure and high-tempera...