In most countries, basic research is supported by research councils that select, after peer review, the individuals or teams that are to receive funding. Unfortunately, the number of grants these research councils can allocate is not infinite and, in most cases, a minority of the researchers receive the majority of the funds. However, evidence as to whether this is an optimal way of distributin...

Community of Practice (CoP) is a recent term that applies to individuals who share a common goal that can range from a specific theme, a problem or a passion, whereby learning together and the feeling of belonging to the differentials of this theory can reflect positively on the acquisition of knowledge as a participatory process. This article seeks to ascertain the relevance of building a comm...

Anti-smoking measures, adopted by local authorities before the guideline on the ban of cigarette advertisement and anti-smoking campaign launched by the Government, are limited in scope and area. The activity is limited mainly to a ban on cigarette advertisements in theatres. Legislative measures are instituted only in the City Council, Municipal Councils and 2 ofthe 20 district councils survey...

No legislation considered by Parliament since the passing of the Education Act, 1902, when the functions of School Boards were transferred to County and County Borough Councils, has created more widespread interest than t e oca Government Bill, 1928. In fact, for a generation there has been no Measure belore Parliament which has raised so many fundamental issues in the system and procedure of l...

The description of the Swedish system still needs to be improved. On page 10 it should be said that the Swedish health system has three administrative levels: The national level which has responsibility for law, regulations, monitoring, evaluation and some national state obligations like national disease control and drug registration and drug control; The county council level which has responsi...

Julius Caesar and Cornelius Tacitus provide characterizations of early Germanic (barbarian) society around, respectively, 50 BC and 50 AD. The earlier date corresponds to expansion of Rome to the Rhine and Danube. During the subsequent century Germanic governance institutions changed in a number of ways. In particular, (1) temporary military commanders elected from the nobility gave way to stan...