The hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) adult plant resistance gene, Lr34/Yr18/Sr57/Pm38/Ltn1, provides broad-spectrum resistance to wheat leaf rust (Lr34), stripe rust (Yr18), stem rust (Sr57) and powdery mildew (Pm38) pathogens, and has remained effective in wheat crops for many decades. The partial resistance provided by this gene is only apparent in adult plants and not effective in field-g...

Bean rust, caused by Uromyces appendiculatus, is a devastating disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the Americas and Africa. The historically important Ur-3 gene confers resistance to many races of the highly variable bean rust pathogen that overcome other rust resistance genes. Existing molecular markers tagging Ur-3 for use in marker-assisted selection produce false results. Here, w...

Sunflower rust, caused by Puccinia helianthi Schw., can result in significant yield losses in cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. var. macrocarpus Ckll.). HAR6 is a germplasm population resistant to most predominant rust races. The objectives of this study were to map the resistance factor present in HAR6 (R HAR6 ), and to provide and validate molecular tools for the identification of th...

Count data for the number of citrus rust mites per cm 2 on fruit across a 4-ha (10acre) area of orange trees followed the negative binomial probability distribution 79% of the time based on chi-square tests. A correlation of r = 0.993 was found between observed counts and counts projected based on the distribution. A common k of 0.149 was computed but generally appeared more suitable for mean d...

Losses in product values due tofusi form rust , caused by Cronart ium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shiraifi sp. fusiforme, were estimatedfrom four, 2.5-yr-old slash pine, Pinus elliotii Engelm., plantations planted in southern Mississippi over a range of sites with different growth potential and expected rust infection levels. The percentage infected stems rangedfrom 2.5% to 62% at age 2.5. The c...

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most serious diseases of wheat; therefore, exploring effective resistance-related genes is critical for breeding and studying resistance mechanisms. However, only a few stripe rust resistance genes and defence-related genes have been cloned. Moreover, transgenic wheat with enhanced stripe rust resistance has rarely ...

For over a century, white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) has linked white pines (Strobus) with currants and gooseberries (Ribes) in a complex and serious disease epidemic in Asia, Europe, and North America. Because of ongoing changes in climate, societal demands for forests and their amenities, and scientific advances in genetics and proteomics, our current understanding and management...

facturing methods. Graphene nanocomposite coatings for protecting lowalloy steels from corrosion A ceramic engineer or scientist unfortunately must admit that there is an unwelcome member of the family among us—iron oxide, or rust. This unpleasant family member is disruptive at best. More often it is destructive, nearly impossible to control, and a consumer of resources that are devoted to it i...

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is an important economic crop, contributing up to 80% of table sugar used in the world and has become a promising feedstock for biofuel production. Sugarcane production has been threatened by many diseases, and fungicide applications for disease control have been opted out for sustainable agriculture. Orange rust is one of the major diseases impacting sugarcane produc...