The discussion about the soul (al-nafs) in Islamic world has been started since emergence of thinkers on historical stage. Beginning with collapse Greek-Roman civilization and movement translation, commentary original literature carried out by thinkers, especially during Abbasid Daula, essence Greek thought was lifted enriched. development psychology if traced through classical literature, it t...

This paper examines Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī’s understanding of metaphysical certainty in terms his theory ta’wīl (interpretation) while showing optimism attaining certainty. Rāzī, also known as the leader skeptics (shaykh al-mushakkikīn) Shiʻi sources, thoroughly criticizing philosophical and kalam traditions before him, remains a controversial figure among scholars. His critical thinking confound...

The article analyzes ancient sources and the works of scholars East in context media education, results obtained can be used as a didactic basis for introduction education such subjects history literature. purpose study is to historical spiritual foundations characteristic Turkic peoples, including Uzbek people. scientific novelty that examples manifestations modern concepts East, literacy, inf...

dār al-funūn is the first center for systematic modern science education and new military training in iran. as far as the military disciplines are concerned, theoretical and practical training of the steudents, as well as troops and officers, authoring and translating books on military disciplines, regular examinations and upbringing a generation of students in new military tactics are the most...