Semi-arid regions faced with increasingly scarce freshwater resources must manage competing demands in the food-energy-water nexus. A possible solution modifies soil hydrologic properties using biosurfactants to reduce evaporation and improve water retention. In this study, two different textures representative of agricultural soils Kansas were treated a direct application biosurfactant, Surfac...

When a black hole evaporates, there arises a net energy flow from the black hole into its outside environment due to the Hawking radiation and the energy accretion onto black hole. Exactly speaking, any thermal equilibrium state has no energy flow, and therefore the black hole evaporation is a nonequilibrium process. To study details of evaporation process, nonequilibrium effects of the net ene...

A quantitative description of droplet evaporation is important to aerosol research for nanofabrication, spray drying, fuel combustion, pollution control, and respiratory medical treatments. Evaporation is a movingboundary problem with coupled mass and heat transport. An explicit finite-difference methodology and computer code has been developed for simulation of an evolving droplet, property da...

Interpreting observations of seepage into underground openings is often complicated by evaporative potentials created by the necessity to ventilate the openings. Evaporation removes liquid from the seepage face. By doing so, it reduces both the likelihood of seepage onset and the seepage flux, and thus can enhance the perceived effectiveness of the capillary barrier. We modeled liquid-release t...

tellurium nanostructures have been prepared by physical vapor deposition method in a tube furnace. the experiments were carried out under argon gas flow at a pressure of 1 mbar. tellurium powder was evaporated by heating at 350°c and 430°c and was condensed on substrates at 110–250°c, in the downstream of argon gas flow. the products were characterized by field emission scanning electron micros...

A new method for improving the efficiency of laser drilling has been developed. Two synchronized free-running laser pulses from a tandem-head Nd:YAG laser are capable of drilling through 1/8-in-thick stainless-steel targets at a standoff distance of 1 m without gas-assist. The combination of a high-energy laser pulse for melting with a properly tailored high-intensity laser pulse for liquid exp...

Thermal evaporation of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) is performed with or without an activation of volatile fragments in an rf glow discharge. Without plasma assistance evaporated films are a mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons. These films are not stable in contact with water. The activation in plasma enhances cross-linking and the films become hydrocarbon plasma polymers. However, th...

Evaporation is a well known issue when handling small liquid volumes. Here we present a review of microscale assays prone to evaporation and methods to make them more robust. Applications for these assays span from combinatorial chemistry to cell-biology where the stability of concentrations and osmolarity can be critical. A dimensionless evaporation number Ev is presented and used to character...

As a major component of the water budget of a wetland, evaporation has proven difficult to measure evapotranspiration accurately. This paper developed a scheme to assess actual evapotranspiration (ETa) across a range of land uses in Nansi Lake Wetland, China, using a remote sensing technique and the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) model. The estimation of pixel-scaled ETa was ...