objectives: dependence and tolerance are major restricting factors in the clinical use of opioid analgesics. in the present study, the effects of thymoquinone, the major constituent of nigella sativa seeds, on morphine dependence and tolerance were investigated in mice. materials and methods: male adult nmri mice were made tolerant and dependent by repeated injections of morphine (50, 50, and 7...

aim: the purpose of this study was to compare the attention bias about tempting incentives related to opium materials in treated, addicted and normal people. duration of consumption and treating were also considered. method: in this causal-comparative study population was all addicted people who were referred to the rehabilitation offices, addiction treatment clinic, rebirthing centers and narc...

background: the effects of opium dependence on prognosis and short term outcome of patients with acute myocardial infarction (ami) are not clear yet. methods: from march 2004 to august 2004 all male patients admitted with diagnosis of ami were enrolled. patients who fulfilled dsm- iv-tr criteria were chosen as opium dependent patients (odp). demographic data, risk factors, peak enzyme levels, l...

Although the economic integration of immigrants has been the subject of a large number of studies, the research on the effect of intermarriage on immigrants' economic integration/assimilation is scarce and has no equivalence in the literature on the receipt of social assistance. This study fills this gap in the literature by estimating the structural state dependence in social assistance in Swe...

An extensible representation for object-oriented programs, the Object-oriented Program Dependence Graph (OPDG), is presented. The representation is divided into three layers: a rst layer that presents the class inheritance structure, a second layer that combines a traditional control dependence subgraph and a data dependence subgraph with objects, and a third layer that presents the dynamic, ru...

In this paper we define the concept of weakly Reich-contractive operator and give a fixed point result for this type of operators. Then we study the data dependence for this new result. Full text

Traditionally density forecasts of inflation and output growth are published separately without any obvious indication of how they are related. But ‘flexible’ inflation targeting motivates concern with the underlying bivariate density forecast. This paper, therefore, suggests use of copulae to model the dependence between known marginal density forecasts. Estimated copula functions are used to ...

Different dependence scenarios can arise in multivariate extremes, entailing careful selection of an appropriate class of models. In bivariate extremes, the variables are either asymptotically dependent or are asymptotically independent. Most available statistical models suit one or other of these cases, but not both, resulting in a stage in the inference that is unaccounted for, but can substa...

Abstract: We study the characteristics of the Pickands’ dependence function for bivariate extreme distribution for minima, BEVM, when considering the stochastics ordering of the two variables. The existing Pickand’s dependence function terminologies and theories are modified to suit the dependence functions of extreme cases. We successful implement and apply these functions to our simulate extr...