Many theorists take the view that literal meaning can be one of a number of factors to be weighed in reaching a legal interpretation. Still others regard literal meaning as having the potential to legally justify a particular outcome. Building on the scholarly response to HLA Hart’s famous ‘vehicles in the park’ hypothetical, this article presents a formal argument that literal meaning cannot b...

I have spent many hours these past few months listening sympathetically to complaints by quite a few young scientists about their treatment by editors and referees of well-known journals. Since their future careers — jobs, grants, recognition — turns on the issue of publishing in the right journals, they have all the right to be worried and even angry. I can tell several stories which outdo any...

In 1997 the Dutch legislature passed a new Act on university governance. The basic principles of universities' internal authority structure were substantially changed with the objective to increase the quality of teaching and research, the decisiveness of university management and institutional autonomy. This new Act is usually referred to as the 'MUB': Modernization University Governance Organ...

th century, Hans Delbrück described war in terms of annihilation and exhaustion.1 A century later, after the advent of airplanes, access to space, computers, nuclear weapons, computers, and the information revolution, strategists introduced a new paradigm, effects-based operations. This concept suggests a new national objective: control of an enemy. Control is a contemporary, efficient, and hum...

Proof. To prove Arrow’s theorem, we show that any social choice function satisfying monotonicity, nontriviality, and IIA is in fact a dictatorship function. We will do this by first proving the existence of a single voter who can decide the order between two candidates; then, we prove that this voter is in fact a dictator. First, we define sets that decide the outcome between two candidates. We...

In the field of decision making, there are two main groups of approaches: quantitative (classical) models and qualitative models of decision making. The former group relies on the notions of utility and probability as representations of a decision maker preferences and beliefs. The latter applies qualitative counterparts of these functions, where the numbers reflect nothing more than positions ...

The Review 'No amount of competencies, skills, authority, or inspiration will make leadership good if it leads us off a cliff. A moral compass is essential ...' 'Doctors and leadership: oil and water?' asked Richard Smith, before he became editor of the BMJ. 'Doctors have problems with leadership, both leading and being led,' he pointed out, quoting Leadership Professor Warren Bennis: 'leading ...

The methods of data exploration have become the centerpiece of phylogenetic inference, but without the scientific importance of those methods having been identified. We examine in some detail the procedures and justifications of Wheeler s sensitivity analysis and relative rate comparison (saturation analysis). In addition, we review methods designed to explore evidential decisiveness, clade sta...

a r t i c l e i n f o Conscientiousness is often found to predict academic outcomes, but is defined differently by different models of personality. High school students (N = 291) completed a large number of Conscientiousness items from different models and the Big Five Inventory (BFI). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the items uncovered Correlations between these facets and the ...

This paper examines "internal competition"-duplicate or overlapping activities within the boundaries of the firm that are condoned by senior management as a means of addressing a technological or market uncertainty. Building on redundancy theory, we argue that internal competition is a form of redundancy that allows the organization to adapt in the face of environmental change. We identify two ...