Osteoporosis has become a major medical problem as the aged population of the world rapidly grows. Osteoporosispredisposes patients to fracture, progressive spinal deformities, and stenosis, and is subject to be a major concernbefore performing spine surgery, especially with bone fusions and instrumentation. Osteoporosis has often beenconsidered a contraindication for spinal surgery, while in s...

Introduction: Over time, the body, including spine, undergoes anatomical and morphological changes. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is a good modality to analyse degenerative processes by evaluating joint deformity fat accumulation in bone muscle. We studied MR images from 22 patients diagnosed with spondylolisthesis at level L4-5 characterise factors that cause spondylolisthesis, disc degenera...