introduction: unstained formalin-fixed whole brain specimens and brain slices do not give satisfactory results for teaching neuroanatomy. in addition, difficulties in obtaining human brains for dissection have increased the demand for more durable brain specimens that have been obtained by the plastination technique. in the present study brain specimens were sliced, fixed and stained using the ...

Clinical medicine defines dehydration using blood markers that confirm hypertonicity (serum sodium concentration ([Na+])>145 mmol/L) and intracellular dehydration. Sports medicine equates dehydration with a concentrated urine as defined by any urine osmolality (UOsm) ≥700 mOsmol/kgH2O or urine specific gravity (USG) ≥1.020. Objective To compare blood versus urine indices of dehydration in a c...

Angiotensin (Ang) type 1a (AT1a) receptors are critical in the control of blood pressure and water balance. Experiments were performed to determine the influence of dehydration on brain Ang receptors and plasma vasopressin (VP) in mice lacking this receptor. Control or AT1a knockout (AT1aKO) male mice were give water ad libitum or deprived of water for 48 hours. Animals were anesthetized with h...

Cellular responses to dehydration were analyzed in six organs of leopard frogs Rana pipiens. Frogs at 5 degrees C endured the loss of up to 50% of their total body water content but water contents of individual organs were strongly defended. Skeletal muscle water content was strongly affected by dehydration, dropping from 80.7% of wet mass in controls to 67.2% in frogs that had lost 50% of thei...

OBJECTIVE To prospectively validate three popular clinical dehydration scales and overall physician gestalt in children with vomiting or diarrhea relative to the criterion standard of percent weight change with rehydration. METHODS We prospectively enrolled a non-consecutive cohort of children ≤ 18 years of age with an acute episode of diarrhea or vomiting. Patient weight, clinical scale vari...

JOHN THOMSON, M.D., D.P.H., D.C.H. (From the Department of Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh) Introduction In the course of carrying out a series of observations on renal output and the composition of the urine in the newborn period, two cases of dehydration fever were observed. The observations recorded in these two cases deviate so far from the normal, Thomson (1944), that their ...

No matter how mild, dehydration is not a desirable condition because there is an imbalance in the homeostatic function of the internal environment. This can adversely affect cognitive performance, not only in groups more vulnerable to dehydration, such as children and the elderly, but also in young adults. However, few studies have examined the impact of mild or moderate dehydration on cognitiv...

Biological specimens contain up to 80% or more water which must be substituted in fixed cells (with the exception of special cryo-techniques) by some kind of embedding media to allow mechanical support for the sectioning process. Usually, embedding media cannot directly replace water, and fixation is followed by a sequence of dehydrating solutions from which the last must be miscible with the e...