Phase change heat transfer is fundamentally important for thermal energy conversion and management, such as in electronics with power density over 1 kW/cm^2. The critical heat flux (CHF) of phase change heat transfer, either evaporation or boiling, is limited by vapor flux from the liquid-vapor interface, known as the upper limit of heat flux. This limit could in theory be greater than 1 kW/cm2...

The semienclosed western Mediterranean Sea has proven to be a useful location to evaluate surface heat flux estimates. In the past the directly measured average oceanic heat transport from the Atlantic into the Mediterranean Sea through the Strait of Gibraltar of ;5.2 6 1.3 W m has been compared to estimates of the average heat flux across the surface of the Mediterranean Sea. On long timescale...

Usually the energy balance equation is used to estimate evapotranspiration. To calculating the potential evapotranspiration for long periods of time (more than a day), soil heat flux is assumed equal to zero. But in a catchment, the energy balance equation should be in terms of actual evapotranspiration is less than the potential. In this state, the amount of soil heat flux is not equal to zero...

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[1] In summer on the shallow New England continental shelf, near the coast the water temperature is much cooler than the observed surface heat flux suggests. Using depth‐integrated heat budgets in 12 and 27 m water depth calculated from observed surface heat flux, water temperature, and velocity, we demonstrate that on time scales of weeks to months the water is persistently cooled due to a mea...

Theoretical and experimental investigations of forced convection heat transfer from a heated flat plate embedded in porous media with a constant heat flux had been carried out in the present work. The experimental investigation included a set of experiments carried out to study the effect of Reynolds number and heat flux on the temperature profile and local Nusselt number. The investigation cov...

BACKGROUND Although core temperature can be measured invasively, there are currently no widely available, reliable, noninvasive thermometers for its measurement. We thus compared a prototype zero-heat-flux thermometer with simultaneous measurements from a pulmonary artery catheter. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that zero-heat-flux temperatures are sufficiently accurate for routine clin...