Gingival hyperpigmentation is believed to be a genetic trait in populations and more appropriately termed physiologic or racial gingival pigmentation condition, which affects all races differently. depigmentation most frequently performed as an esthetic periodontal plastic surgical procedure. There are various procedures like scalpel, laser. Cryosurgery, diamond burs chemical methods have been ...

introduction: providing desirable smile is one of the main concerns in cosmetic dentistry. hyperpigmentation is one of the esthetic concerns especially in gummy smile patients. lasers with different wavelength are used for oral surgery including carbon dioxide laser (co2), neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (nd:yag), erbium family and diode laser. in this case, all esthetic procedures inc...

342 d o i : 10.84/ejd .208.0402 Most authors recommend a quick freeze and slow thaw method of tissue destruction. Slow cooling produces extracellular ice, but this is not as damaging as rapid cooling that produces intracellular ice formation. With slow thawing, an increased concentration of electrolytes and recrystallization occurs, which is also damaging to cells. Thus the rate of rewarming, o...

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, a proinflammatory cytokine central to many autoimmune diseases, has been implicated in the depigmentation process in vitiligo. We review its role in vitiligo by exploring its pro- and anti-inflammatory properties and examine the effects of blocking its actions with TNF-α antagonist therapeutics in reports available in the literature. We found that TNF-α inhibitio...