BACKGROUND Following traumatic exposure, a proportion of trauma victims develops posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Early PTSD risk screening requires sensitive instruments to identify everyone at risk for developing PTSD in need of diagnostic follow-up. AIMS This study compares the accuracy of the 4-item SPAN, 10-item Trauma Screening Questionnaire (TSQ) and 22-item Impact of Event Scale-...

Valid and reliable assessment of pain is fundamental for both clinical trials and effective pain management. The nature of pain makes objective measurement impossible. Chronic musculoskeletal pain assessment and its impact on physical, emotional and social functions require multidimensional qualitative tools and healthrelated quality of life instruments. The recommendations concerning outcome m...

To properly process data, we need to know the accuracy of different data points, i.e., accuracy of different measurement results and expert estimates. Often, this accuracy is not given. For such situations, we describe how this accuracy can be estimated based on the available data. 1 Formulation of the Problem Need to gauge accuracy. To properly process data, it is important to know the accurac...

Abstract The present study aimed at investigating the relationship between three main characteristics of teachers; namely, perfectionism, leadership and empowerment, amongst Iranian English and math teachers. To do so, two groups of teachers were selected to participate in this study. One consisted of 177 math teachers and the other comprised 200 English teachers. All were teaching in Khorasan ...

abstract the present study aimed at investigating the relationship between three main characteristics of teachers; namely, perfectionism, leadership and empowerment, amongst iranian english and math teachers. to do so, two groups of teachers were selected to participate in this study. one consisted of 177 math teachers and the other comprised 200 english teachers. all were teaching in khorasan ...

In 2008, a humanoid robot developed by Honda conducted a symphonic orchestra in front of a live audience. It perfectly imitated the pre-recorded actions of the orchestra’s human conductor. Despite its realistic movements, it was suggested that the robot could not listen to nor interact with the orchestra as a true conductor would. For a robot to truly direct an orchestra, it would need to hear,...

Total solar irradiance, the spatially and spectrally integrated radiant output from the Sun at a mean Sun-Earth distance of 1 astronomical unit, provides nearly all the energy driving the Earth’s climate system. Variations in this energy, particularly over long time scales, contribute to changes in Earth’s climate and have been linked to historical glaciation and inter-glacial periods as well a...