The present study examined the premise that lexical information (top-down factors) interacts with phonetic detail (bottom-up, episodic traces) by assessing the impact of dialect variation and word frequency on spoken word recognition. Words were either spoken in the listeners’ native dialect (Australian English: AU), or in one of two non-native English dialects differing in phonetic similarity ...

PURPOSE This study provides milestones for phonological development in African American English (AAE) speakers who are learning Mainstream American English (MAE) as a second dialect. METHOD The Dialect Sensitive Language Test (DSLT; H. Seymour, T. Roeper, & J. G. de Villiers, 2000) was administered to a nationwide sample of typically developing children ages 4 through 12: 537 speakers of AAE ...

The objective of this paper is to present an under-resourced language related to Arabic. In fact, in several countries through the Arabic world, no one speaks the modern standard Arabic language. People speak something which is inspired from Arabic but could be very different from the modern standard Arabic. This one is reserved for the official broadcast news, official discourses and so on. Th...

Recent research demonstrates that social preferences for native language speakers emerge early in development, indicating that infants prefer speakers from their own society. Dialect may also be a reliable cue to group membership because it provides information about an individual's social and ethnic identity. We investigated whether infants showed social preferences toward native-dialect speak...

The written form of the Arabic language, Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), differs in a nontrivial manner from the various spoken regional dialects of Arabic – the true “native languages” of Arabic speakers. Those dialects, in turn, differ quite a bit from each other. However, due to MSA’s prevalence in written form, almost all Arabic datasets have predominantly MSA content. In this article, we des...

resource leveling and allocation are two basic categories for project management. the objective of resource allocation is to schedule activities so that a particular resource does not exceed a specific limit in any given project time period, while holding the project duration to a minimum. the resource leveling problem arises when there are sufficient resources available and it is necessary to ...

In this letter, we propose a round robin-based wear leveling (RRWL) for flash memory systems. RRWL uses a block erase table (BET), which is composed of a bit array and saves the erasure histories of blocks. BET can use one-to-one mode to increase the performance of wear leveling or one-to-many mode to reduce memory consumption. However, one-to-manymode decreases the accuracy of cold block infor...

This study examines the effectiveness of HMA overlay design strategies for the purpose of controlling the development of reflective cracking. A parametric study was conducted using a 3D Finite Element (FE) model of a rigid pavement section including Linear Viscoelastic (LVE) material properties for the Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) overlay and non-uniform tire-pavement contact stresses. Several asphalt...

The Sugiyama framework is the most commonly used concept for visualizing directed graphs. It draws them in a hierarchical way and operates in four phases: cycle removal, leveling, crossing reduction, and coordinate assignment. However, there are situations where cycles must be displayed as such, e. g., distinguished cycles in the biosciences and processes that repeat in a daily or weekly turn. ...

Recent work on London English has found innovation in inner city areas, most likely as the outcome of dialect contact. These innovations are shared by speakers of different ethnic backgrounds, and have been identified as features of Multicultural London English (MLE). This study examines whether syllable timing is a feature of MLE, as work on rhythm shows that dialect and language contact may l...