Adaptor protein (AP) complexes sort cargo into vesicles for transport from one membrane compartment of the cell to another. Four distinct AP complexes have been identified, which are present in most eukaryotes. We report the existence of a fifth AP complex, AP-5. Tagged AP-5 localises to a late endosomal compartment in HeLa cells. AP-5 does not associate with clathrin and is insensitive to bref...

We investigated the electrophysiological effects of cardiac hypertrophy induced by renal hypertension in rats by comparing transmembrane action potentials (AP) recorded from the papillary muscles of hypertensive (HBP) and normal (SHAM) rats. No significant difference was found between HBP and SHAM AP with regard to resting membrane potential (RMP), action potential amplitude (AMP), overshoot (O...

The AP (adaptor protein) complexes are heterotetrameric protein complexes that mediate intracellular membrane trafficking along endocytic and secretory transport pathways. There are five different AP complexes: AP-1, AP-2 and AP-3 are clathrin-associated complexes; whereas AP-4 and AP-5 are not. These five AP complexes localize to different intracellular compartments and mediate membrane traffi...

AP-2 transcription factors are important sequence-specific DNA-binding regulators that are expressed in the neural crest and other tissues during mammalian development. The human AP-2 family of transcription factors consists of five members, AP-2α, -β, -γ, -δ and -ε, which have an important role in the regulation of gene expression during development and in the differentiation of multiple organ...

Expression of the epithelial cell-specific heterotetrameric adaptor complex AP-1B is required for the polarized distribution of many membrane proteins to the basolateral surface of LLC-PK1 kidney cells. AP-1B is distinguished from the ubiquitously expressed AP-1A by exchange of its single 50-kD mu subunit, mu1A, being replaced by the closely related mu1B. Here we show that this substitution is ...

Overexpression of transcription factor AP-2 has been implicated in the tumorigenicity of the human teratocarcinoma cell lines PA-1 that contain an activated ras oncogene. Here we show evidence that overexpression of AP-2 sequesters transcriptional coactivators which results in self-inhibition. We identified AP-2-interacting proteins and determined whether these proteins were coactivators for AP...

Abstract The continuous monitoring capability of Fermi-LAT has enabled the exploration quasiperiodic oscillations (QPOs) in γ -ray light curve blazars that given a new perspective to probe these sources over wide range timescales. We report presence transient QPOs long-term PKS 0244-470 and 4C +38.41. first identified different flux states using Bayesian block algorithm then explored possible s...

The AP-1-binding sequences are promoter/enhancer elements that play an essential role in the induction of many genes in mammalian cells; however, the number of genes containing AP-1 sites remains unknown. In order to better address the overall effect of AP-1 on expression of genes encoded by the entire genome, a genome-wide analysis of the frequency and distribution of AP-1 sites would be usefu...