The main issue addressed in this paper is how to improve the coordination between navigational learning process and its meta-cognitive process in hyperspace provided by existing Web resources, which includes coordinating two different meta-cognitive processes: navigation planning and reflection. This paper demonstrates the cognitive tool, which enables learners to reify and coordinate their nav...

The aim of this study was to illustrate the potential for confounding when interpreting group mean data from systematic reviews for a heterogeneous participant population. A case report comparing the results obtained from a Cochrane review and meta-analysis compared to an individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis was conducted. Participants were 396 older patients admitted to a general medica...

A growing number of published articles report estimates from meta-analysis or meta-regression on health state utility values (HSUVs), with a view to providing input into decision-analytic models. Pooling HSUVs is problematic because of the fact that different valuation methods and different preference-based measures (PBMs) can generate different values on exactly the same clinical health state....

multiple sclerosis (ms) is a complex polygenic disease in which gene-environment interactions are important. a number of studies have investigated the association between tumor necrosis factor-α (tnf-α) -308 g/a polymorphism (substitution g→a, designated as tnf1 and tnf2) and ms susceptibility in different populations, but the results of individual studies have been inconsistent. therefore, per...

Meta-heuristics are methods that sit on top of local search algorithms. They perform the function of avoiding or escaping a local optimum and/or premature convergence. The aim of this paper is to survey, compare and contrast meta-heuristics for local search. First, we present the technique of local search (or hill climbing as it is sometimes known). We then present a table displaying the attrib...