A direct method for determining powder diffraction data at specific depths from angle-dependent diffraction data is described. The method is non-destructive and only traditional data collections, where the angle of incidence is varied, are required. These angle-dependent spectra are transformed to give diffraction data arising from different depths, which may then be exploited using any convent...

We study spectral Galerkin approximations of an Allen–Cahn equation over the two-dimensional torus perturbed by weak space-time white noise of strength √ ε. We introduce a Wick renormalisation of the equation in order to have a system that is welldefined as the regularisation is removed. We show sharp upper and lower bounds on the transition times from a neighbourhood of the stable configuratio...

In the context of global mean square error concerning number random variables in representation, Karhunen–Loève (KL) expansion is optimal series method for field discretization. The computational efficiency and accuracy KL are contingent upon accurate resolution Fredholm integral eigenvalue problem (IEVP). paper proposes an interpolation based on different basis functions such as moving least s...

Abstract In this article we make an improvement in the Banach contraction using a controlled function metric like spaces, which generalizes many results literature. Moreover, present application on Fredholm type integral equation.

This article deals with the mathematical and the numerical aspects of the Fredholm integral equation of the second kind arising as a result of the heat energy exchange inside a convex and non-convex enclosure geometries. Some mathematical results concerning the integral operator are presented. The Banach fixed point theorem is used to guarantee the existence and the uniqueness of the solution o...

Introduction Quadratic integral equations provide an important tool for modeling the numerous problems in engineering and science. These equations appear in the modeling of radiative transfer, kinetic theory of gases, traffic theory, neutron transport and in many other phenomena [2-7]. So, it is clear that solving this class of integral equations can be used to describe many events in the real ...

in this paper, we studied the numerical solution of nonlinear weakly singular volterra-fredholm integral equations by using the product integration method. also, we shall study the convergence behavior of a fully discrete version of a product integration method for numerical solution of the nonlinear volterra-fredholm integral equations. the reliability and efficiency of the proposed scheme are...

As both light transport simulation and reinforcement learning are ruled by the same Fredholm integral equation of the second kind, machine learning techniques can be used for efficient photorealistic image synthesis: Light transport paths are guided by an approximate solution to the integral equation that is learned during rendering. In analogy to recent advances in reinforcement learning for p...