Abstract This aptitude–treatment interaction study investigated the extent to which explicit and implicit cognitive abilities are differentially related learning outcomes under two corrective feedback conditions. One hundred thirteen intermediate English learners of Spanish were randomly assigned an (recast), (explicit correction), or control group after completing tests from aptitude batteries...

This study compares the processing of three different types written corrective feedback (WCF) by heritage language (HL), second (L2), and third (L3) learners who wrote revised short essays received a type WCF for each essay (i.e., direct, coding, or underlining). Comparison pre- post-feedback texts analysis think-alouds served as basis determining whether one promoted higher depth (DoP) this wa...