The resource-constrained elementary shortest path problem arises as a pricing subproblem in branch-and-price algorithms for vehicle routing problems with additional constraints. We address the optimization of the resource-constrained elementary shortest path problem and we present and compare three methods. The first method is a well-known exact dynamic programming algorithm improved by new ide...

Batesian mimics that show similar coloration to unpalatable models gain a fitness advantage of reduced predation. Beyond physical similarity, mimics often exhibit behaviour similar to their models, further enhancing their protection against predation by mimicking not only the model's physical appearance but also activity. In butterflies, there is a strong correlation between palatability and fl...

Multi-layer/multi-pass welding (MLMPW) technology is widely used in the energy industry to join thick components. During automatic welding using robots or other actuators, it is very important to recognize the actual weld pass position using visual methods, which can then be used not only to perform reasonable path planning for actuators, but also to correct any deviations between the welding t...

Cross-lagged panel analysis is an analytical strategy used to describe reciprocal relationships, or directional influences, between variables over time. Cross-lagged panel models (CLPM), also referred to as cross-lagged path models and cross-lagged regression models, are estimated using panel data, or longitudinal data where each observation or person is recorded at multiple points in time. The...

The path-loss exponent (PLE) is a key parameter in wireless propagation channels. Therefore, obtaining the knowledge of the PLE is rather significant for assisting wireless communications and networking to achieve a better performance. Most existing methods for estimating the PLE not only require nodes with known locations but also assume an omni-directional PLE. However, the location informati...

Path integration allows animals to navigate without landmarks by continuously processing signals generated through locomotion. Insects such as bees and ants have evolved an accurate path integration system, assessing and coding rotations with the help of a general directional reference, the sun azimuth. In mammals, by contrast, this process can take place through purely idiothetic (mainly propr...

In design and analysis, standard references assume the pedestrian flow as unidirectional. In reality however, pedestrian flow is usually bi-directional. The main question pursued in this paper is that whether the main characteristics of pedestrian flow the same under uni- and bi-directional conditions. In order to achieve this goal, effect of bi-directional stream is inv...

How does the brain convert sensory information into abstract representations that can support complex behaviours? The rodent head-direction (HD) system, whose cell ensembles represent head direction in the horizontal plane, is a striking example of a “cognitive” representation without a direct sensory correlate. It can be updated by sensory inputs from different modalities, yet persists in the ...

The two major excitatory synapses onto ON-OFF directionally selective (DS) ganglion cells of the rabbit retina appear to be nicotinic cholinergic and NMDA glutamatergic. Blockade of either of these synapses with antagonists does not eliminate directional selectivity. This suggests that these synapses may have complementary roles in the computation of the direction of motion. To test this hypoth...

Previous studies in the wolf spider Lycosa tarantula (Linnaeus 1758) have shown that homing is carried out by path integration and that, in the absence of information relative to the sun's position or any pattern of polarized light, L. tarantula obtains information as to the angle it must turn to home through the anterior lateral eyes (ALEs). In the present study, spiders were trained to walk o...