This study examines the causal relationship between non-communicable disease (NCD), obesity, and health expenditure in Turkey using econometric time series analysis. Data were obtained from World Health Organization Our for years 1990-2019. We used a model structure capable of revealing robust causality variables at consistent successive intervals to obtain reliable results. The Toda-Yamamoto w...

BACKGROUND After more than 25 years, public health programs have not been able to sufficiently reduce the number of new HIV infections. Over 7,000 people become infected with HIV every day. Lack of convincing evidence of cost-effectiveness (CE) may be one of the reasons why implementation of effective programs is not occurring at sufficient scale. This paper identifies, summarizes and critiques...

In any wastewater recycling scheme, the protection of public health is primary importance. Australia, requirements applying to treatment recycled water are stringent. They use Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) metric set a level negligible risk. The target maximum risk 10–6 DALY per person year has been adopted in Australian guidelines since 2006. A key benefit approach its ability standardi...

OBJECTIVE To quantify the effects of increased cycling on both mortality and morbidity. DESIGN Health Impact Assessment. SETTING Cycling to place of work or education in Copenhagen, Denmark. POPULATION Effects were calculated based on the working-age population of Copenhagen. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measure was change in burden of disease (measured as disability-adjust...

Type II diabetes mellitus accounts for 90% of all cases of diabetes, and its inclusion in health evaluation has shown that its complications have a considerable impact on the population's quality of life. The current article presents the results of the Global Burden of Disease Study in Brazil for the year 1998, with an emphasis on diabetes mellitus and its complications. The indicator used was ...

Assessing the health situation in populations has traditionally been carried out on the basis of mortality data, and where available, on the prevalence and/or incidence of disease. A new approach to quantifying the burden of disease has been developed which simultaneously considers both premature death as well as the non-fatal health consequences of disease and injury. The burden of disease app...

OBJECTIVE To compare the cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce pneumonia mortality through risk reduction, immunization and case management. METHODS Country-specific pneumonia burden estimates and intervention costs from WHO were used to review estimates of pneumonia risk in children under 5 years of age and the efficacy of interventions (case management, pneumonia-related vaccines, i...

• Both QALYs and DALYs are also usually discounted, meaning more weight can be given to immediate over distant outcomes, and both measures can account for disease severity. The two measures however are not interchangeable.1 For example, DALYs incorporate an age-weighting function, which assigns lower weights to the years of the young and elderly, and the origins of disability and quality of lif...