Efforts to improve the quality and costs of U.S. health care have focused largely on fostering physician adherence to evidence-based guidelines, ignoring the role of clinical judgment in more discretionary settings. We surveyed primary care physicians to assess variability in discretionary decision making and evaluate its relationship to the cost of health care. Physicians in high-spending regi...

this paper analyzes the relationship between capital structure and earning management. for analysing we used 119 non-financial companies that listed in tehran stock exchange from 2000 to 2008. the researchers will focus on comparing the jones model and the modified jones model, which are the two most frequently used model in empirical analysis nowadays. earnings management is a kind of manageme...

When corporate insiders sell their stock in quantities that deviate from firm-specific trends, their trades are more likely to precede bad news over a horizon of several months, but not in the short run. This is consistent with insiders avoiding “suspicious timing” when engaging into “suspicious amounts” of trading, the combination of which would likely result in Rule 10b-5 securities lawsuits....

This paper tests whether or not gains to monetary policy coordination exist in the New Keynesian two country model proposed in Clarida, Gali and Gertler (2002). Major innovations include rigorous numerical analysis that takes advantage of recent techniques proposed by Laffargue (1990) and Klein (2000) and an attention to robustness analysis as advocated by McCallum (1999) by comparing all resul...

We analyze effects of public debt in a basic endogenous growth model with productive public spending. We demonstrate that a discretionary policy violates the inter-temporal government budget constraint along a balanced growth path. A balanced government budget gives a unique saddle point stable growth path. With a rule based policy, two saddle point stable balanced growth paths can occur, depen...

Stochastic control problems related to optimal advertising under uncertainty are considered. In particular, we determine the optimal strategies for the problem of maximizing the utility of goodwill at launch time and minimizing the disutility of a stream of advertising costs that extends until the launch time for some classes of stochastic perturbations of the classical Nerlove-Arrow dynamics. ...

Youth justice conferencing in Queensland, Australia relies on the discretionary referral of young offenders by the police. The low rate of police referrals to conferencing is an ongoing concern for conference organizers. The research presented in this article explored Queensland police officers’ training, experience, understandings of youth justice conferencing, and their individual discretiona...

One hears that the credit ranking score has increased technical efficiency in financial holding companies, when a data envelopment analysis (DEA) is employed. Our empirical results show that the credit ranking scores will obviously affect the estimated results of efficiency measurement in Taiwan’s financial holding companies. Additionally, the effects on technical inefficiency could be attribut...

Which budgetary institutions result in efficient provision of public goods? We analyze a model with two parties bargaining over the allocation to a public good each period. Parties place different values on the public good, and these values may change over time. We focus on budgetary institutions that determine the rules governing feasible allocations to mandatory and discretionary spending pro...