The purpose of this study was to determine the method of preparation of enamel which best retains a bonded orthodontic bracket against a shear force. Two hundred and twelve human lower premolars were randomly divided into four equal groups. Group 1 underwent no air abrasion, group 2 received treatment with 25 microm aluminium oxide particles, group 3 with 50 microm particles, and group 4 with 1...

BACKGROUND Urinary tract stones are increasing in our societies. Similar to the finding in developed countries, majority of our patients have upper urinary tract stones. Urethral stone is an uncommon cause of acute urinary retention. It presents with an emergency management scenario which is compounded by lack of endoscopic facilities in our hospitals. We present the management of urethral ston...

The hypothesis that intercellular adhesion can be subdivided into two separable phenomena--an initial recognition event and a subsequent stabilization--is supported by the use of a cell binding assay that provides a quantitative measure of intercellular binding strengths. Radioactive single cells are brought into contact with cell monolayers at 4 degrees C in sealed compartments. The compartmen...

Sexual selection has equipped male rhinoceros beetles with large horns on their head and prothorax to aid in battle over access to females. Horns are used to pry and dislodge opponents from resource sites that attract females, so an optimal horn should be able both to withstand the high stresses imposed during fights, and to resist deflection in response to these loads. We examined the cross-se...

India is the second largest producer of vegetables after China, and accounts for 13.4% of world production. Surveys carried out by institutions spread throughout the country indicate that 50-70% of vegetables are contaminated with insecticide residues. Rapid, inexpensive and sensitive methods such as pesticide finger printing technique and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay developed at CFTRI, M...

A modified nanosphere lithographic method for producing arrays of silanized structures at silicon surfaces is described. Polystyrene (PS) particles (600 nm or 1000 nm in diameter) were self-assembled onto a silicon substrate to form a hexagonal close-packed pattern. The resultant patterned surface was then exposed to a solution of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS), which deposited gradually i...

The aim of this study was to determine the tensile strength of crowns cemented on metallic substrate with four different types of luting agents. Twenty human maxillary molars with similar diameters were selected and prepared to receive metallic core castings (Cu-Al). After cementation and preparation the cores were measured and the area of crown's portion was calculated. The teeth were divided ...

Cattail or Typha, an emergent aquatic macrophyte widely distributed in lakes and other shallow water areas, has slender blades with a chiral morphology. The wind-resilient Typha blades can produce distinct hydraulic resistance for ecosystem functions. However, their stem may rupture and dislodge in excessive wind drag. In this paper, we combine fluid dynamics simulations and experimental measur...

Research to date has confirmed 2,4-D residues may dislodge from turfgrass; however, experiments have not been conducted on hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. x C. transvaalensis), the most common athletic field turfgrass in subtropical climates. More specifically, previous research has not investigated the effect of post-application irrigation on dislodgeable 2,4-D residues from hybrid be...

This in vitro study compared different ultrasonic vibration modes for intraradicular cast post removal. The crowns of 24 maxillary canines were removed, the roots were embedded in acrylic resin blocks, and the canals were treated endodontically. The post holes were prepared and root canal impressions were taken with self-cured resin acrylic. After casting, the posts were cemented with zinc phos...