The Kyoto Protocol sets the carbon emission targets for 2008-2012 for the major emitting countries. Several former Soviet countries have emissions quotas that appear to be in excess of their anticipated emissions as a result of economic downturn. This excess is sometimes referred to as ”hot air”, and could, in principle, be traded with other countries. The “hot air” estimates range from 150 to ...

One half of the world's population relies on biomass fuel as the primary source of domestic energy. Biomass fuel exposure causes a high degree of morbidity and mortality in humans. This is especially true in the context of developing countries, which account for 99% of the world's biomass fuel use. Biomass fuel consists of fire wood, dung cakes, agricultural crop residues such as straw, grass, ...

Climate change and rapidly escalating global demand for food, fuel, fibre and feed present seemingly contradictory challenges to humanity. Can greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from land-use, more than one-fourth of the global total, decline as growth in land-based production accelerates? This review examines the status of two major international initiatives that are designed to address different ...

This article examines the impact of environmental regulation within countries as well as regulatory distance between countries on international technology transfer. We employ a recently-assembled dataset of automobile emission standards and corresponding data on non-resident patent filing of automotive environmentally sound technologies (ESTs) in 49 countries between 1992 and 2007. Our analysis...

the most important environmental pollutant in steel industry is air pollution due to the process of its products. optimise sitting for this industry, in a great extend will prevent pollutants and emissions. khorasan steel company is located near some populous villages and three rivers. it is necessary to perform an investigation for providing abatement and control of air pollution, in time of p...

In order to assess the influence of energy reduction initiatives, to determine the expected annual cost, to calculate life cycle cost, emission impact, etc. it is crucial to be able to assess the energy consumption reasonably accurate. The present work undertakes a theoretical and empirical study of the uncertainty of energy consumption assessment of domestic buildings. The calculated energy co...

As public recognition of domestic violence (DV) and sexual assault (SA) has reached increasing heights, there has been an outcry for more effective prevention programs. This outcry is based on an understanding of the widespread nature of this problem and the incredible costs to victims and society as a whole. This document summarizes the development of prevention initiatives in these two relate...

There is a growing realisation that the present economic and technological tendencies are unsustainable, in this respect the transport sector came to crossroads, due to its increasing conflicts with the living and built environment, the degradation, loading, pollution impacts. This study surveys the impact and conflict elements between transport and environment, referring to the main three geog...

This article examines firms’ innovation activities in response to U.S. technology-forcing auto emissions standards enacted between 1970 and 1998. Patent applications in automobile emission control technologies were used as a measure of firms’ innovative responses to regulatory pressures. In addition, we extensively studied secondary literature and industry specific records and conducted targete...

To save energy, the European directives from the Eco-design of Energy Using Products (2005/32/CE) have recommended the replacement of incandescent lamps by more economic devices such as Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). However, the emission spectrum of these devices is enriched in blue radiations, known to be potentially dangerous to the retina. Recent studies showed that light exposure contribute...