occur. In their task, subjects responded to target shapes (e.g., triangles) appearing in a stream of distractor shapes. The authors varied the likelihood with which any particular stimulus (or sequence of two stimuli) would be followed by a target. Since participants were not told about these regularities (and indeed failed to notice them during the experiment), predictive information was learn...

The negative interpretation of body sensations (e.g., as sign of a severe illness) is a crucial cognitive process in pathological health anxiety (HA). However, little is known about the nature and the degree of automaticity of this interpretation bias. We applied an implicit association test (IAT) in 20 subjects during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate behavioral and n...

OBJECTIVE Neuropsychological studies have demonstrated verbal episodic memory deficits in schizophrenia during word encoding and retrieval. This study examined neural substrates of memory in an analysis that controlled for successful retrieval. METHOD Event-related blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure brain activation during word...

Adolescence is a crucial period for the development of adaptive emotion regulation strategies. Despite the fact that structural maturation of the prefrontal cortex during adolescence is often assumed to underlie the maturation of emotion regulation strategies, no longitudinal studies have directly assessed this relationship. This study examined whether use of cognitive reappraisal strategies du...

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether sequential (i.e., serial) ablation of the monkey’s orbital prefrontal cortex would lead to a reduction in the severity of the behavioral impairment usually associated with one-stage bilateral removal of this tissue. The lateral orbital cortex was ablated in four operations spaced 3 weeks apart or in a one-stage procedure. The monkeys we...

bstract—This article argues how dopamine controls workng memory and how the dysregulation of the dopaminergic ystem is related to schizophrenia. In the dorsolateral prerontal cortex, which is the principal part of the working emory system, recurrent excitation is subtly balanced with ntracortical inhibition. A potent controller of the dorsolateral refrontal cortical circuit is the mesocortical ...

CONTEXT Results of experimental studies suggest that neuroplastic changes may occur during depressive episodes. These effects have not been confirmed in patients with depression, to our knowledge. OBJECTIVE To examine changes in the brains of patients with major depression vs those of healthy control subjects. DESIGN Prospective longitudinal 3-year study. SETTING Inpatients with major dep...

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex have been implicated in the planning of movements and inhibition of inappropriate responses, though their precise roles in these functions are not known. To address this question, we trained monkeys to perform memory-guided saccade and anti-saccade tasks and compared neural responses in the same animals. A population of neurons wi...

Event-related fMRI was employed to contrast the neural activity elicited in prefrontal cortex during recognition memory and exclusion tests. The study phases preceding each memory test were identical, involving the presentation of study items (visually presented words) in one of two study contexts. For the recognition test subjects were required to respond positively to all old items regardless...