E-.commerce and content distribution models rely on working copyright protection. Copyright is a part of the necessary trust infrastructure of ecommerce for immaterial goods.The recently introduced legal protection of technical measures is theoretically interesting in that it uses legislation to protect a certain form of architecture. This seemingly double protection is also highly paradoxical,...

Sand-®lled cracks from the Lower Fine-grained Quartzite of Dalradian (late Proterozoic) age on the Island of Islay, western Scotland, may be divided into two main types, both of which form orthogonal and non-orthogonal closed patterns on bedding surfaces. Type 1 cracks are short and lenticular in cross-section, contain sand which had been injected downwards, and are found on the bottoms of cros...

Two-dimensional weakly-singular Symmetric Galerkin Boundary Elements (SGBEMs) are developed, following the work of [Han and Atluri (2003)], using non-hypersingular integral equations for tractions. Specifically, the present 2D SGBEM is used to compute the stress intensity factors for arbitrary-shaped line cracks, including embedded, edge, branching, and intersecting cracks. The computed stress ...

Indentation cracks on ceramics are frequently used not only for the semi-empirical determination of the fracture toughness KIC but also as a method for generating semielliptical surface cracks to be used in as starting cracks in fracture and fatigue studies. Tetragonal zirconia stabilized with 3 % mol of yttria (3Y-TZP) is a biocompatible ceramic with good mechanical properties which is used in...

DETECTING DEFECTS IN CHERRIES USING MACHINE VISION By Patchrawat Uthaisombut This thesis describes machine vision procedures which are able to classify defective cherries from non-defective cherries. Defects can be divided into bruises, dry cracks, and wet cracks. Bandpass lters that enhance the intensity contrast between bruised and unbruised cherries are determined. An optimum combination of ...

The dilemma of diagnosing and possibly treating dentinal cracks continues to present a challenge in endodontics. The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the effectiveness of transillumination and dyes in identifying root-end dentinal cracks. Fifty maxillary central incisors were decoronated, and the canals were instrumented to an ISO size 50 at the working length. The apical 3 mm of t...

Abstract-Continuing a recent investigation of interface cracks, attention is paid to the exterior crack. Two elastic solids bonded over a finite segment of their boundary and capable of transmitting shear and tensile tractions are considered. It is found that one of the edge cracks remains completely closed under shear alone, and opens gradually as the level of tension is increased. Both crack ...

Last month, sea-ice cover in the Arctic extended to just 5.95 million square kilometres — 1.68 million square kilometres less than the average between 1979 and 2000. While native fauna such as polar bears are threatened by dwindling summer sea ice, commercial opportunities are opening up in this newly accessible summer sea and are being pursued apace. The first commercial supertanker succeeded ...

In this paper we apply the method developed by Rice [1], of solving for the elastic field of a crack with a front perturbed from some reference shape, to solve the elasticity problems of somewhat circular planar tensile cracks under arbitrary load distributions. The method is based on a known solution for the stress intensity factor along a circular crack due to a pair of wedge-opening point fo...