People feel, think, and act differently when doubt rather than confidence is accessible. A traditional perspective on the accessibility of doubt holds that multiple sources of doubt activation should lead to increased levels of uncertainty. In contrast, we find that under some conditions two sequential sources of doubt activation result in decreased levels of uncertainty. We suggest that this f...

We demonstrate quantitatively that, as predicted by evolutionary theory, sequences of homologous proteins from different species converge as we go further and further back in time. The converse, a non-evolutionary model can be expressed as probabilities, and the test works for chloroplast, nuclear and mitochondrial sequences, as well as for sequences that diverged at different time depths. Even...

The Alcohol breath test (ABT), commonly known by its commercial name as the “Breathalyzer,” is a device made popular in the United States and used by law enforcement agencies throughout the world to assess and determine the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of individuals suspected of driving under the influence (DUI). 2, 3 With increased popularity of the automobile in the late 19 century, tra...

The main issue in this paper is to discuss a parity property that appears in the expressions for the distorted spectrum of the thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect. When using the convolution integrals method involving scattering laws we argue that the distorted spectrum contains a new term, which is an odd power of the frequency. Such a term, absent in the conventional approaches, implies a cross...

Since my topic is the future of string theory, I will discuss issues and problems that are currently unresolved and where there is still confusion, doubt, and uncertainty. However, if I were to do only that, it would give a distorted view of a subject that has undergone tremendous progress over the past thirty years. Therefore, to give a more balanced picture, I have decided to begin by present...

Polarities are used to sanction grammar fragment combination in high level tree-based formalisms such as eXtenssible MetaGrammar (XMG) and polarized unification grammars (PUG). We show that attaching polarities to tree nodes renders the combination operation non-associative, and in practice leads to overgeneration. We first provide some examples of non-associative combination operators in exist...

I N SOCIAL LEGISLATION i t is impossible to cast up accounts i n the exact sense t h a t we do when the mat ter is ent i re ly one of dollars and cents, w i t h out human values to be taken in to consideration. Nevertheless, i t seems to me tha t i n the field of social legisla t i on i t is wel l for us t o pause occasionally to see how far we have come and what we might do to move a l i t t l...

as in developing insight?although there is no discussion of occupational rehabilitation. They also discuss the difficulties which a therapeutic team may encounter when caring for the patients, rivalries, and conflicts over setting limits, for example. Drugs do not get much of a mention; but one patient was put on stelazine three and a half years after admission and appeared to improve remarkabl...

Weather-related risks can substantially affect the crop volume depending on time and intensity of agricultural operations performed by the farmer. However, decisions under uncertainty are in some way also liable to another risk – that of excessively optimistic or pessimistic estimation of the decision maker. The paper presents results of optimistic and pessimistic farmer’s agricultural operatio...

§1. The justificatory question What makes it the case that a thinker has justification for a given belief? Call this the justificatory question. I will not attempt to define “justification.” I doubt that a noncircular definition is possible. Roughly speaking, one has justification for a belief just in case one is “epistemically licensed” in forming the belief. As Pryor puts it, “you have justif...