The plant apoplast forms a protease-rich environment in which proteases are integral components of the plant defense response. Plant pathogenic oomycetes, such as the potato (Solanum tuberosum) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) pathogen Phytophthora infestans, secrete a diverse family of serine protease inhibitors of the Kazal family. Among these, the two-domain EPI1 protein was shown to inh...

The effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on plant-fungi and plant-insect interactions were studied in an emergent marsh in the Chesapeake Bay. Stands of the C3 sedge Scirpus olneyi Grey. and the C4 grass Spartina patens (Ait.) Mobl. have been exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations during each growing season since 1987. In August 1991 the severities of fungal infections ...

Root-knot nematodes (RKN; Meloidogyne incognita) are phytoparasitic that cause significant damage to crop plants worldwide. Recent studies have revealed RKNs disrupt various physiological processes in host plant cells induce gall formation. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of formation induced by nematodes. We previously found RNA expression levels some genes related micr...

Phytophthora species are known as "plant destroyers" capable of initiating single zoospore infection in the presence of a quorum of chemical signals from the same or closely related species of oomycetes. Since the natural oomycete population is too low to reach a quorum necessary to initiate a disease epidemic, creation of the quorum is reliant on alternate sources. Here, we show that a soil ba...

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation of plants is the first example of transkingdom gene transfer and had been considered the only known natural example of such a case until the recent discovery of Bartonella henselae-mediated transformation of human cells under laboratory conditions (Schröder et al., 2011). In nature, the pathogenic soil bacterium A. tumefaciens induces ne...

The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during biotic stress is either part of a hypersensitive response of the plant or induced directly by the pathogen. Antioxidants such as ascorbate and glutathione counteract the accumulation of ROS and are part of the defense reaction. The aim of the present study was to investigate the compartment-specific importance of ascorbate and glutathione...

Abstract— The expression of the genes encoding inhibitors serine ( ISP ) and cysteine ​​proteinases ICP was studied in roots tomato plants resistant susceptible to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita during infection under effects signaling molecules: salicylic (SA) jasmonic (JA) acids. It shown that, upon infection, are characterized by an increased accumulation transcripts at stages pene...

Fungal chitin synthases (CHSs) form fibers of the cell wall and are crucial for substrate invasion and pathogenicity. Filamentous fungi contain up to 10 CHSs, which might reflect redundant functions or the complex biology of these fungi. Here, we investigate the complete repertoire of eight CHSs in the dimorphic plant pathogen Ustilago maydis. We demonstrate that all CHSs are expressed in yeast...

This is the second report of conjunctival sac pinworm infection in the literature. The patient was treated with garlic juice, which was prepared as an eye drop. The first case reported from India was a IS year old girl who had pinworm infection of her left eye. She had wonnexpulsion•at night. Our case was a 13 year old girl who had worm infestation in both eyes, along with frequent pinworm ...

Infection-related development of phytopathogenic fungi is initiated by sensing and responding to plant surface cues. This response can result in the formation of specialized infection structures, so-called appressoria. To unravel the program inducing filaments and appressoria in the biotrophic smut fungus Ustilago maydis, we exposed cells to a hydrophobic surface and the cutin monomer 16-hydrox...