Southern Sudan is one of the areas in eastern Africa most affected by visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar), but lack of security and funds has hampered control. Since 2005, the return of stability has opened up new opportunities to expand existing interventions and introduce new ones.

P. Ted Strub*, Vincent Combes*, Frank A. Shillington and Oscar Pizarro *College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA Department of Oceanography and Nansen-Tutu Centre, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa Department of Geophysics and Center for Oceanographic Research in the Eastern South Pacific (COPAS), University of Concepcion,...

Although human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and visceral leishmaniasis coinfection is recognized as a major public health challenge in Africa, data regarding the prevalence in India are very limited. Consecutive HIV screening of 2077 patients aged ≥14 years with confirmed visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, eastern India, found that 5.6% were HIV positive, including 2.4% with newly diagnosed HIV i...

Phylogenetic reconstruction using the mitochondrial 16S marker shows the presence of a cryptic species of Cacosternum (Anura: Pyxicephalidae) from the eastern Great Escarpment of South Africa, supporting the Greater Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany region of vertebrate endemism. Bioacoustic and morphological characteristics, in conjunction with colouration differences, allow the description of this ...

We sequenced West Nile viruses (WNVs) from Turkey and found close relationships to WNV lineage 1 strain ArB310/67 from the Central African Republic, distinct from other WNVs circulating in the Mediterranean Basin, eastern Europe, and the Middle East. These findings suggest independent introductions of WNV strains from Africa to the Middle East.

V. Denninger, K. Figarella, B. Kubata and M. Duszenko Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany Fundación Instituto de Estudios Avanzados, Centro de Biotecnología, Valle de Sartenejas, Carretera Hoyo de la Puerta, Caracas 1080, Venezuela NEPAD/Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa Network (BecANet), PO Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi,...

Copyright: © 2013. The Authors. Licensee: AOSIS OpenJournals. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License. The histories of the two swine fevers in southern Africa differ widely. Classical swine fever (hog cholera) has been known in the northern hemisphere since 1830 and it is probable that early cases of ‘swine fever’ in European settlers’ pigs in southern Africa were ...

BACKGROUND South Africa shows one of the highest global burdens of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB). Since 2002, MDR-TB in South Africa has been treated by a standardized combination therapy, which until 2010 included ofloxacin, kanamycin, ethionamide, ethambutol and pyrazinamide. Since 2010, ethambutol has been replaced by cycloserine or terizido...

OBJECTIVE To analyse cigarette smuggling practices in central and eastern Africa. METHODS Primary data were gathered during long-term qualitative field research in which about 400 interviews were conducted. Analysis of secondary sources included academic literature and reports from non-government organisations, multilateral organisations and the press. RESULTS Our research suggests that the...

Water and its influence on plants likely exerted strong adaptive pressures in human evolution. Understanding relationships among water, plants, and early humans is limited both by incomplete terrestrial records of environmental change and by indirect proxy data for water availability. Here we present a continuous record of stable hydrogen-isotope compositions (expressed as δD values) for lipid ...