objective: tempo is the average waiting time to next birth for a woman. role of fertility as the most important phenomenon determining population fluctuations due to the studies of it compared with other demographic phenomena be important and review the multifarious socioeconomic factors of it share  a large effective population studies. general purpose of this study is fitting the cox model to...

When labor incomes approach subsistence levels, the labor supply curve slopes outward, because the fight for survival mandates households to look for longer work hours in response to falling wage rates. We explore conditions under which near-subsistence scenarios may imply wage traps, labor market failures that can be the cause of undernourishment, illiteracy, and child labor. After stating gen...

This study examines how child support arrears affect fathers' labor force participation. It relies on longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study. Findings from analyses of these data suggest that child support arrears result in declines in average weeks worked in the formal labor market in subsequent time periods. These findings are driven by the behaviors of fathers...

I present a structural model of labor and child-care options to analyze the impact of single mothers’ decisions on their children’s cognitive and non-cognitive development. Mothers decide on child-care arrangements and allocate their labor supply according to their preferences and constraints. I estimate the parameters of a production function of skills by applying simulation methods with data ...

Little is known about why children participate in activities that are labeled worst forms of child labor. Case-control approaches common in medicine are adapted to consider the correlates of participation in worst forms in the context of two worst forms of child labor in Nepal: portering and ragpicking. Paternal disability is a strong predictor of entry into each of the worst forms, and the pre...

Child labor's effect on academic achievement is estimated, using unique data on 3rd and 4th graders in 9 Latin American countries. Cross-country variation in truancy regulations provides an exogenous shift in the ages of children normally in these grades, providing exogenous variation in opportunity cost of child time. Leastsquares estimates of the impact of child labor on test scores are biase...

This paper explores the question: is working as a child harmful to an individual in terms of adult outcomes in earnings? Although this is an extremely important question, little is known about the effect of child labor on adult outcomes. Estimations of an instrumental variables earnings model on data from Brazil show that child labor has a large negative impact on adult earnings for male childr...

This paper considers the effect of child care costs on two labor market outcomes for single mothers—whether to participate in the labor market and whether to receive welfare. Hourly child care expenditures are estimated for all women in the sample (using data drawn from the 1992 and 1993 panels of the SIPP), whether or not they are currently using nonmaternal child care. These expenditures are ...

results the mean age in breathing technique with lavender and breathing technique alone were 25.5 ± 4.3 and 26 ± 4.9, respectively .two groups were comparable in this regards (p = 0.6), but the length of active phase in interventional group was 7.85 ± 3.85 hours and in the control group it was 9.88 ± 6.65 hours. the decrease of the length of labor in the active phase was higher in the experimen...