In electric arc furnace steelmaking units, the essential parameters are reducing price, increasing production and decreasing environmental pollution. Electric arc furnaces are the largest users of electric energy in industry. The most important techniques that can be used to reduce the electric energy consumption in electric arc furnaces are scrap preheating, stirring, use of burners and hot ch...

Nonlinear charge transport parallel to the layers of p-modulation-doped GaInNAs/GaAs quantum wells (QWs) is studied both theoretically and experimentally. Experimental results show that at low temperature, T = 13 K, the presence of an applied electric field of about 6 kV/cm leads to the heating of the high mobility holes in the GaInNAs QWs, and their real-space transfer (RST) into the low-mobil...

We note that in extensions of the Standard Model that allow for a varying fine structure constant, α, all matter species, apart from right-handed neutrinos, will gain an intrinsic electric dipole moment (EDM). In a large subset of varying-α theories, all such particle species will also gain an effective electric charge. This charge will in general not be quantised and can result in macroscopic ...

For optimal operation of chemical-vapor deposition sCVDd diamonds as charged particle detectors it is important to have a detailed understanding of the charge-carrier transport mechanism. This includes the determination of electron and hole drift velocities as a function of electric field, charge carrier lifetimes, as well as effective concentration of space charge in the detector bulk. We use ...

In this paper we present the first detailed study of the excitation of high phase velocity plasma waves by colinear optical mixing. The plasma wave frequency and wavenumber, hence the phase velocity, are directly measured using Thomson scattering. The amplitude of the plasma wave and therefore the longitudinal electric field is inferred from the magnitude of the Thomson scattered light. For a m...

By using electric-field-induced optical second-harmonic generation (EFISHG) measurement, we analyzed hysteresis behavior of capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics of IZO/polyterpenol (PT)/C60/pentacene/Au diodes, where PT layer is actively working as a hole-transport electron-blocking layer. The EFISHG measurement verified the presence of interface accumulated charges in the diodes, and show...

In this study, spectroscopic properties of the single-walled boron-nitride nanotube (SWBNNT) –a semiconductor channel in molecular diodes and molecular transistors–have been investigated under field-free and various applied electric fields by first principle methods.Our analysis shows that increasing the electric field in boron-nitride nanotube (BNNT) decreases the Highest Occupied Crystal Orbi...

Widespread use of polymeric insulation has motivated interest in understanding the physics associated with the electrical aging process. Under DC bias, materials such as polyethylene (PE) and poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) have been known to accumulate space charge. As charge builds up within the bulk, the electric field becomes modified with regions of higher and lower field. Detection of the...

In classical electromagnetic theory, one formally defines the complex dipole moment (the electric plus ’i’ magnetic dipole) and then computes (and defines) the complex center of charge by transforming to a complex frame where the complex dipole moment vanishes. Analogously in asymptotically flat space-times it has been shown that one can determine the complex center of mass by transforming the ...

Most of us have been shocked after walking across a carpet and touching a metal doorknob. The build-up of charge—“static” electricity—on the surface of some nonconductors because of friction is called triboelectricity. We are unaware of the build-up of charge on our bodies as wewalk and only notice it upon discharge when it briefly stimulates our pain-sensing neurons; it is essentially an epiph...