The notion of the photon is the most basic concept in quantum electrodynamics. However, the quantum nature of the electromagnetic field is well understood in the case of electromagnetic field in empty space only. In the case of fields interacting with external currents and other sources the notion of photons is not so clear. Of particular interest has become the case of electromagnetic field in...

Magnetic photonic crystals are spatially periodic dielectric composites with at least one of the constitutive components being a magnetically polarized material. Magnetic polarization, either spontaneous or induced, is always associated with nonreciprocal circular birefringence (Faraday rotation), which can bring qualitatively new features to the electrodynamics of photonic crystals. If the geo...

In this paper, we study two different Graded Index (GRIN) photonic crystal (PC) structures which are named as structure type I and type II. The PC structures are made of the square rod in an air background. To design a GRIN PC structure the lattice constant has been altered in the direction transverse to propagation. We investigated focusing effect             and waveguiding behavior of electr...

The electromagnetic form factors of the $\Lambda$ hyperon in time-like region are determined precisely through a dispersion-theoretical analysis world data for cross section annihilation process $e^+e^-\to \bar{\Lambda}{\Lambda}$. spectral function is represented by superposition narrow and broad vector meson poles. We test different scenarios obtain good description region. uncertainties extra...

Optical fiber systems with periodically varying dispersion are the most perspective candidates for high capacity communication lines in the future. An opportunity to assemble the system from pieces of fiber with a dispersion of opposite sign gives an ample freedom to a designer. If systems are completely linear it is possible to design an ideal line, transmitting the pulses to an arbitrary long...