[1] Lightning discharges radiate most of their electromagnetic energy in the very low frequency (VLF, 3–30 kHz) and extremely low frequency (ELF, 3–3000 Hz) bands and are, consequently, an effective tool for remotely sensing the nighttime ionospheric D region electron density profile. Using broadband lightning-generated VLF signals, we derived the night-to-night variations of the midlatitude io...

From a high resolution X-ray data set measured at 20 K the experimental electron density of the fullerene C(60)(CF(3))(12) was derived and topologically analyzed to yield, in addition to bond topological and atomic properties, information about the density distribution in the region where hexagons of adjacent molecules approach closely at only 3.3 A.

Room temperature stabilization of up to 3.5 ML epitaxial metastable a-Sn at the Si(1 1 1)-(7 7) surface is reported. The a-Sn layers remain stabilized at the interface even after the deposition of thick Sn layers that undergo the a-Sn ! b-Sn transformation. Additionally, a small decrease in the s-electron density at the Sn nucleus is found for submonolayer of Sn at the Sn/Si(1 1 1)-(7 7) interf...

A theory of elastic normal modes is described for the exploration of global distortions of biological structures and their assemblies based upon low-resolution image data. Structural information at low resolution, e.g. from density maps measured by cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM), is used to construct discrete multi-resolution models for the electron density using the techniques of vect...

An experiment is conducted to determine the effect of uni-axial strain on the superconducting and microscopic properties of bulk Nb3Sn. Methods of calculating the electron DOS are explored in order to investigate whether the strain sensitivity of the superconducting properties is correlated to changes in the electron density of states. Two different methods are developed to calculate the Sommer...

Characterization of the electron density in laser produced plasmas is presented using direct wavefront analysis of a probe laser beam. The performance of a laser-driven plasma-wakefield accelerator depends on the plasma wavelength and hence on the electron density. Density measurements using a conventional folded-wave interferometer and using a commercial wavefront sensor are compared for diffe...