an important need in radiation therapy is a fast and accurate treatment planning system. this system using ct data and characteristics of the radiation beam, calculates the dose in all points of the patient’s volume. two main factors in planning system are “accuracy” and “speed”. according to these factors, various generation of treatment planning systems are developed.   this article is the re...

the changes of chl a fluorescence induction curve in response to different salinity levels in canola (barassica napus, l.) plants were investigated. the canola seedlings were exposed to salt stress (100 mm and 200 mm nacl) for 7 days and chl a fluorescence induction kinetics was analysed. by using the ojip-test, various parameters like vj, area, n, φpo, φeo, ψo, rc/abs and piabs were calculated...

Formation of extracellular traps (ETs) capturing and immobilizing pathogens is now a well-established defense mechanism added to the repertoire of vertebrate phagocytes. These ETs are composed of extracellular DNA (extDNA), histones and antimicrobial proteins. Formation of mouse and human ETs depends on enzymes (i) facilitating decondensation of chromatin by citrullination of histones, and (ii)...

Membrane vesicles were prepared from Micrococcus denitrificans by osmotic shock of lysozyme spheroplasts. These vesicles concentrated 4 amino acids via two systems; one for glycine-alanine and the other for asparagine-glutamine. Amino acid transport was coupled to the membrane-bound electron transport system and involved interactions of the primary dehydrogenases, cytochromes, cytochrome oxidas...

Expression of the mouse cytokeratin EndoA gene is restricted in endodermal and epithelial cells, and is regulated by an enhancer that is located 1 kilobase (kb) 3' downstream from the gene. The enhancer consists of six direct repeats, of which each contains two predicted Ets binding sites (EBS1 and EBS2) containing GGAA as a core. Mutation analysis showed that EBS1 is essential for the enhancer...

During heart development, cells of the endocardial cushions undergo an epithelial-mesenchymal transformation and migrate into the surrounding extracellular matrix. This event is required for the normal formation of valves and chamber septation. Coincident with this phenotypic change is the expression of the serine protease urokinase by the mesenchymal cells. This protease plays an important rol...

Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite that causes reproductive loss and severe economic losses in dairy and goat industry. In the present study, we aim to investigate the effects of N. caninum tachyzoites on the release of extracellular traps (ETs) in caprine monocytes and furthermore elucidated parts of its molecular mechanisms. N. caninum tachyzoite-induced monoc...

The current study addresses a novel hypothesis of subcellular distribution of mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle in type 2 diabetes. Vastus lateralis muscle was obtained by percutaneous biopsy from 11 volunteers with type 2 diabetes; 12 age-, sex-, and weight-matched obese sedentary nondiabetic volunteers; and 8 lean volunteers. Subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar mitochondrial fract...

Molybdenum reduction to molybdenum blue by microbes is a potential bioremediation tool for molybdenum pollution. A previous work using cyanide as a respiratory inhibitor has shown that the site of molybdenum reduction in Enterobacter cloacae strain 48 is at the electron transport pathway. In the present work, several respiratory inhibitors together with cyanide were used to reinvestigate the si...

1. Membrane preparations from both uncA(-) and uncB(-) mutant strains of Escherichia coli K12, in which electron transport is uncoupled from phosphorylation, were fractionated by washing with a low-ionic-strength buffer. The fractionation gave a ;5mm-Tris wash' and a ;membrane residue' from each strain. This technique, applied to membranes from normal cells, separates the Mg(2+),Ca(2+)-stimulat...