Background Empyema is a serious complication of pneumonia frequently caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP). We assessed the impact 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (13vPCV) on childhood and empyema after inclusion in Australian National Immunisation Program. Methods For bacterial hospitalisations, we ascertained incidence rates (IRs) using Hospital Morbidity Database International Sta...

Three cases of Proteus empyema were associated with elevated pleural fluid pH values. The elevated pH is likely due to ammonia production by Proteus organisms.

serotypes and replacement by S aureus. However,while all staphylococcal pneumonia diagnoses significantly increased from the pre-PCV7 era to the early post-PCV7 era (P1⁄4.049), a nonsignificant decrease was observed in the late post-PCV7 era (P1⁄4.10), which includes the 2009-2010 influenza pandemic that was associated with an increase in secondary bacterial pneumonia. We also examined whether ...