BACKGROUND Infection of the CNS is considered to be the major cause of encephalitis and more than 100 different pathogens have been recognized as causative agents. Despite being identified worldwide as an important public health concern, studies on encephalitis are very few and often focus on particular types (with respect to causative agents) of encephalitis (e.g. West Nile, Japanese, etc.). M...

The symptoms of catatonia have been reported to be similar to the initial symptoms of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis. Subsequently, this autoimmune limbic encephalitis has been noticed by many psychiatrists. For a differential diagnosis of catatonic state, it is important to detect anti-NMDAR encephalitis. This encephalitis is expected to be in remission by early detect...

BACKGROUND Antibody-mediated and cytotoxic T cell-mediated pathogenicity have been implicated as the autoimmune pathophysiologic mechanisms in Rasmussen's encephalitis. METHODS The authors investigated autoantibodies against the NMDA glutamate receptor (GluR) epsilon2 subunit and their epitopes in serum and CSF samples from 15 patients with chronic epilepsia partialis continua (EPC), 17 with ...

PURPOSE To ascertain whether the use of magnetization transfer (MT) in MR imaging can characterize tissue destruction in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients with presumed progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) or HIV encephalitis. METHODS Brain MR studies that included MT were obtained in three groups: 11 healthy control subjects, 10 HIV-positive patients with clini...

OBJECTIVE To determine whether distinct single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the glutamate receptor ionotropic NMDA 1 gene (GRIN1) are associated with NMDA receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis and whether these same variants are associated with variability in the clinical presentation and course of affected patients. METHODS We performed clinical follow-up on 48 patients with NMDAR encephal...

OBJECTIVE To estimate the cumulative incidence rate (CIR) of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV)-associated CNS disease during the La Réunion outbreak, and assess the disease burden and patient outcome after 3 years. METHODS CHIKV-associated CNS disease was characterized retrospectively in a cohort of patients with positive CHIKV reverse transcriptase PCR or anti-CHIKV immunoglobulin M antibodies in th...

SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor infect human cells. Glial cells, and neurons in brain have been reported contain ACE-2 receptors, making them potential targets of SARS-CoV-2. This provides neurotrophic properties Encephalitis is defined as inflammation parenchyma caused by an infection or body's immune defenses. In this article, w...

Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis is characterized by ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and disturbance of consciousness. It is similar to Miller Fisher syndrome, a variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome, in that they share features such as ophthalmoplegia and ataxia. The difference is that patients with Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis have impaired consciousness, whereas patients with Miller Fisher...

Here we a report a rare case of extralimbic encephalitis associated with thymoma. A 66-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with cramping in her right leg and inability to walk. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed multifocal high intensity signals on T2 flare images in the cerebral cortex, and chest computed tomography showed a 5-cm anterior mediastinal mass, which was conside...

Encephalitis is a severe inflammatory disorder of the brain with many possible causes and a complex differential diagnosis. Advances in autoimmune encephalitis research in the past 10 years have led to the identification of new syndromes and biomarkers that have transformed the diagnostic approach to these disorders. However, existing criteria for autoimmune encephalitis are too reliant on anti...